Imperium Roman in the 3rd Century BC - List for quiz.
adsumo, adsumere, adsumpsi, adsumptus - taken up, adopt, to claim
affero, afferre, attuli, allātus - to bring to, to report
apello (1) to name, to call (copulative in passive) See Favale, the expert on copulative verbs.
coepi, coepisse, coeptus (defect verb - no present system) to begin + complementary infinitive
credo, credere, credidi, creditus - to believe, to trust + dative or acc. + inf.
creo, creare, creavi, creatus - to elect, to appoint, to create (copulative in passive)
decedo, decedere, decessi, decessus - to depart, to leave; to perish
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus - to destroy
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus - to break, to destory, to subdue
fundo, fundere, fūdi, fūsus - to pour; to slay; to slaughter
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus - to wage; to manage; conduct; do
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus - give birth to, to produce; be born (genitive)
incipio, incipere - to begin
infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus - to bring in or against; to inflict upon (inferre bellum + dative = to wage war on )
invideo, invidere, invidi, invisus - to hate, to be jealous of
peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek
pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictus - to paint (depict)
praecedo, praecedere, praecessi, praecessus - to go before, precede
praedico, praedicere, praedixi, praedictus - to say beforehand
praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus - to carry in front; to display; to perfer
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus - to think, perceive, to feel
statuo (1) to decide
simulo (1) to fain, to pretend
sto, stare, steti, statūrus - to stand, to remain
supero (1) to conquer, to surpass
tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - to remove, lift, take away; destroy
vinco, vincere, vici, victus - to conquer
volo, velle, volui - to wish
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum – to bring, to bear, to carry
fertur - ________ is said
adferō, adferre, attulī, allātum – to bring (to), to report (afferō, afferre, attulī, allātum)
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum – to bear/take away, to steal, to remove
conferō, conferre, contulī, collātum – to bring together, to compare;
sē conferre = to go, to take oneself
dēferō, déferre, détulī, dēlātum – to bring/carry down, to carry away/off
differō, differre, distulī, dīlātum – to scatter, to carry in different directions, to spread around
efferō, efferre, extulī, ēlātum – to carry out, to bring out, to bring forth, to express, to spread (news)
infero, inferre, intulī, illātum – to bring in, to introduce, to cause
(military idioms: bellum inferre PLUS either dative or in + acc. = to attack, to invade)
offerō, offerre, obtulī, oblātum – to offer
referō, referre, rettulī, relātum – to bring back, to carry back, to give back, to return, to report
sufferō, sufferre, sustulī, sublātum – to suffer, to bear, to endure
tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum – to raise, to lift (up)
transferō, transferre, transtulī, translātum – to carry across, to bring across, to transfer
fero molestē + acc. Infinitve - I am annoyed that
fertur - it is said
acies, aciei (f) line, edge; battle line; battle
aemula, -ae (f) rival
arma, -orum (n. pl.) arms, weapons
avus, -i (m) grandfather
auctor, auctoris (m) author, instigator
civitas, civitatis (f) state, city, citizen body
clementia, -ae (f) mercy, clemency
consul, consulis (m) consul
contumelia, -ae (f) insults, indignity, abuse
currus, -us (m) chariot
custodia, -ae (f) custody
finis, finis (m or f) end, limit (infinitive)
insignis, insignis (f) trappings, markings
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, envy, jealousy
ingenium, -ii (n) innate ability, genius, intellect
mendacium, -ii (n) falsehood, pretense (mendacity)
monimentum, -i (n) reminder, monument
noxia, -ae (f) crime
origo, originis (f) origin, source
pars, partis (f) part, side, direction, role, faction
poena, -ae (f) punish (dare poenas = to pay the penalty or to be punished) (subpoena)
regnum, -i (n) kingship,
saeculum, -i (n) age; period of time
signum, signī (n) sign, signal, battle standard; statue; image
stirps, stirpis (f) lineage, stock, line
studium, -ii (n) zeal, pursuit; learning
senatus, -us (m) senate
tabula, -ae (f) document; placard
temeritās, temeritātis (f) rashness
triumphus, -i (m) triumphal procession, victory parade
virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour
vis, vis (f) force, power, vigor; in plural = strength
(vis, vis, vi, vim vi, vires, virium viribus, vires, viribus)
brevis, -breve - short, brief
gravis, grave - serious, heavy
immanis, -e - huge, vast, immense
invisus, a, um - hateful to + dative case
līber, lībera, līberum - free
maior, maius (greater, larger, older)
paternus, a, um - paternal, fatherly
praeclarus, a, um - illustrious
prior, prius - earlier, former, previous
securus, a, um - secure, safe, free from care
tūtus, a, um - safer
universus, a, um - all, entire, the whole
ultimus, a, um - last, furtherest, most remote; worst
quisquid, quidquid (indefinite pronoun) whoever, whatever
aliquis, aliquid - someone, something
quisque, quidque - each one, each thing
ac (coordinating conj.= atque) and (like et)
abhinc - from this time, from his place
aut…aut - either… or
deinde (adv.) then, next
quia (subordinating conj.) because
quīn (conj.)- that; but indeed, rather;
aeque (adv.) equally, justly
aliquando (adv.) at any time, once
aliquot (adj. indecl.) some number of, a few
adversus (prep + acc.) against
nefariē (adv.) impiously, abominably, unspeakable
denique (adv.) at last, finally
paene (adv.) almost, nearly
plus (comp. adv. or substantive) more
minus (comp. adv. or substantive) less
quippe (adv.) of course, obviously
magis (comparative adv.) more, rather
maxime (adv.) especially, the most, chiefly
neque - nor; and not, neither
usquam (adv.) - in any place, anywhere
Vocabulary List for Ecce Romani Chapter 59-61 Suetonius’ Account of Caesar’s Death from De Vita Caesarum
abūtor, abūtī, abūsus sum - to abuse, misuse + ablative case (ab + utor)
adripio, adripere, adripui, arreptus - to seize, grasp
adsideo, adsidere - to sit near
animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus - to notice
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum (+ dative case) - to approach
irruo, irruere - to rush in (in + ruo, ruere)
accidit (ad = cadere) - it happens + ut + subjunctive (noun clause)
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum - to rise up against, to attack (ad + orior)
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus (intransitive) - to fall
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesus - to cut down, slaughter, to kill
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus - to give away; yield + dative case (concede, concession)
cado, cadere, cecidī, casurus - to fall
clamo (1) to shout
conor, conārī, conātus sum - to try
conspiro (1) to conspire
dependeo, dependēre - to hang down
differo, differre, distuli, dīlatum - to scatter about , to put off
cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus sum - to exhort, to encourage
cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus - to trust in, rely on + dative case or indirect statement
dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī - to jump down, to leap down
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī - to be lacking + dative case
diffīdō, diffīdere, diffīsus - to have no confidence in + dative case
excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessus - to depart, withdraw
impero, imperāre, imperavi, imperatus - to command + dative case
intercludo, intercludere, interclusi, interclusus - to cut off
instō, instāre, institī - press on, attack + dative
mereor, mereri, meritus um - to earn, to deserve (merit, meretricious)
moror, morārī, moratus sum - to delay
morior, morī, mortuus sum - to die (mortuary)
nitor, nitī, nisus sum + abl. - to strive, rely on
orior, orīrī, ortus sum - to rise, to arise (oriental)
oportet, oportēre, oportuit - it is necessary + acc. + inf. or ut + subjunctive (noun clause)
proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum - to set out, to depart
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī - to help, to profit + dative case
prosilio, prosilīre -- to leap forth
rogo, rogāre (1) to ask
reperio, reperīre, repperī, repertus - to ascertain, to discover
stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictus - to draw
suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus - to undertake, to begin
tardo (1) to slow
trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus - hand down
traicio, traicere - to pierce
velo (1) to cover
vulnero (1) to wound
sequor, sequī, secūtus sum - to follow (sequencial)
succurrō, succurrere, succurrī, succursūrus - to help, assit + dative case (succor)
soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to
supersum, superesse, superfuī - to be left, be remaining
superō (1) to defeat, surpass, conquer
vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to be afraid + ut/ne (fearing clause)
Deponent Verbs that Govern the Ablative Case as Direct Objective
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum + ablative - to use, to employ, to enjoy (use)
abutor, abuti, abusus sum - to abuse + ablative
fruor, fruī, fructus sum - to enjoy + ablative
fungor, fungī, functus sum - to perform + ablative (function)
potior, potīrī, potītus sum - to gain possession of + ablative or genitive case
nītor, nītī, nīsus sum - to lean or rest upon, to strive, to rely on + ablative
vescor, vescī - to feed on + ablative
aciēs, aciēī (f) battle line, battle; edge; sight (triplex acies)
animus, animī (m) mind, heart, intention; courage, spirit
anima, anima (f) soul, breath, darling
caedēs, caedis (f) murder, slaughter
calceus, calceī (m) shoe
cornū, cornūs (n) horn; wing of an army; moon; bow
bracchium, -ii (n) arm
crus, cruris (n) shin, leg
dignitas, dignitatis (f) prestige, reputation
eques, equitis (m) cavalry, horseman
graphium, -i (n) stilus, sharply pointed instrument for writing
gemitus, -ūs (m) groan
gestus, -ūs (m) gesture, posture
ictus, ictūs (m) a blow, striking
iugulum, -i (n) throat
facinus, facinoris (n) crime
furor, furōris (m) rage, madness
impetus, impetūs (m) attack
impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum (neut. pl.) baggage
insidiae, insidiārum (fem. pl.) ambush
initium, initiī (n) beginning
latus, lateris (n) side, flank
medicus, -i (m) doctor
metus, -ūs (m) fear
officium, -iī (n) duty, business
ops, opis (f) aid, influence; help; resources
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour
ōrdō, ōrdinis (m) class; order, rank (ordinal)
pars, partis (f) side, direction; part; faction
pīlum, pīlī (n) spear, javelin
praesidium, -iī (n) guard; protection
spatium, -iī - space, interval of time
tēlum, tēlī (n) weapon; spear
plaga, -ae (f) blow, wound
pugio, pugionis (m) dagger
pars, partis (f) part side, direction, role, party
servolus,-i (m) diminutive of servus, -i (m)
sinus, ūs (m) fold (in a toga); lap; bosom; bay (sinus, insinuate)
speciēs, specieī (f) appearance, pretext
umerus, -i (m) shoulder
vis, vis (f) violence, force
adversus, a, um - turned toward, facing
aversus, a, um - turned away (here: from the back)
cunctus, a, um - all
exanimis, -e - lifeless
honestus, a, um - respectable, honorable
imus, a, um - lowest
inferior, inferius - lower
uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm) - each (of two)
uter?, utra?, utrum? (-ius paradigm) - which one (of two)?
apertus, a, um - open
adversus, a, um - turned toward, facing
aversus, a, um - turned away (here: from the back)
cunctus, a, um - all
exanimis, -e - lifeless
honestus, a, um - respectable, honorable
imus, a, um - lowest
inferior, inferius - lower
impedītus, a, um - loaded down, burdened
inermis, inerme - unarmed
incolumis, incolume (adj.), uninjured; unharmed, safe
infestus, a, um - hostile
perītus, a, um - skilled at + genitive case
praesēns, praesentis (adj.) present, at hand
sollemnis, sollemne - customary, traditional
uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm) - each (of two)
uter?, utra?, utrum? (-ius paradigm) - which one (of two)?
equidem (adv.) certainly
istīc (adv.) over there
magnopere (adv.) greatly, seriously
paulātim (adv.) little by little
prīdiē (adv.) on the day before
prōtinus (adv) immediately
quoad (adv.) until, as long as, as far as
Subordinating Conjunctions
(indicative mood vs. subjunctive mood)
quod (+ indicative) - because
quia (+ indicative) - because
quoad + subjunctive - as long as
cum - when (temporal clause + indicative mood)
cum - when (circumstantial clause + subjunctive mood)
cum - since/because (causal clause + subjunctive mood)
cum - although (concessive clause + subjunctive mood)
sī - if
nisi - unless, if…not; except
dum (+ indicative) while
dum (+ subjunctive) until
ut + indicative mood = as, when
ut ante - as before
ut fit - as it happens, as usually
ut factum est - as it happened
ut bene scis - as you know well
ut fama est - as the story is
ut traditur - as it is handed down
ut traditum est - as it has been handed down
ut soleō - as I am accustomed
ut solēbat - as he was accustomed
ut + subjunctive = in order that (purpose clause)
ut + subjunctive = that (substantive/noun clause or result clause)
Ecce Romani III, Chapter 58 & 59 - Murder of Clodius on the Via Appia
Expect a verb game on eo, ire, ii, iturus
abutor, abuti, abusus sum - to abuse + ablative
fruor, fruī, fructus sum - to enjoy + ablative
fungor, fungī, functus sum - to perform + ablative (function)
potior, potīrī, potītus sum - to gain possession of + ablative or genitive case
nītor, nītī, nīsus sum - to lean or rest upon, to strive, to rely on + ablative
arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think
augeo, augere, auxi, auctus - to increase (augmentation, augment)
alloquor, alloqui, allocutus sum - to address (allocution)
complector, complectī, complexus sum - to embrace (complex)
confluo, confluere, confluxi - to flow together (confluence)
gradior, gradī, gressus sum - to step, to go (grade, gradual)
impero (1) to command + dative of person
intelligo, intelligere, intellexi, intellectus - to realize, to learn
iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus - to join (conjunction, conjugal)
lateo, latere, latui (intransitive verb) - to hide (latent)
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder, to be amazed (miracle)
nuntiō (1) to announce
occīdo, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus - to kill (ob + caedo)
occido, occidere, occidī, occāsus - to fall, to set (occident, occasion) (ob + cado)
occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursus - to meet + dative case (ob + curro)
orior, orīrī, ortus sum - to arise (orient, oriental)
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum - to attack, to rise against
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus - to show (ostensible, ostentation)
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out, to depart
regredior, regredi, regressus sum - to go back, to step back (regression)
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus - to burst, to break (rupture)
sequor, sequi, secutus sum - to follow (segue, consecutive)
succurrō, succurrere, succurī - to help, to aid (succor) + dative
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus - to touch (tangent, tactile)
tegō, tegere, texī, tectus - to cover (protect)
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - to lift, to raise; to raze, to destroy
valeō, valēre, valuī, valitus - to be strong physically; to be well, vigorous, powerful; to excel, to have power, be able; can, to avail; can do, imperative: valē farewell!
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī - to live, to be alive; to be
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry (convey, convention)
aequor, aequoris (n) level surface; sea
agmen, agminis (n) marching line, column
comes, comitis (m) companion
culpa, culpa (f) fault, blame
facies, faciei (f) face
flamen, flaminis (m) priest
ignis, ignis (m) fire (i-stem) (igneous, ignition)
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, ill-will
lītus, lītoris (n) shore
luctus, -us (m) mourning, sorrow
libertus, libertī (m) a freedman
mōs, mōris (m) custom (mos maiorum, mores)
mūs, mūris (m/f) a mouse (muscle)
mūnus, mūneris (n) gift, duty, service, games (munificent)
municipium, -ii (n) town
poena, -ae (f) punishment (subpoena, punitive)
rostrum, rostrī (n) beak of bird or ship
rostra, -ōrum (n. pl.) speaker’s platform
rūs, rūris (n) countryside (rural, rustic)
rūrī (locative)= in the countryside; rūs (acc.) - to the countryside; rūre (abl.) = from the countryside
tēlum, tēlī (n) weapon, spear
tumultus, -us (m) uproar, commotion (tumult)
vulnus, vulneris (n) wound (vulnerable)
vultus, vultūs (m) face, countenance
vulgus, -vulgī (n) mob (vulgar)
umerus, umerī (m) shoulder
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, someone, anyone, anything
aliquis, aliquid = quis, quid after nē, sī, nisi, num
quisque, quaeque, quidque - each one, each thing
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque - (indef. rel.), whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatsoever
aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, wounded
crudelis, crudele (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) cruel, bloody
extremus, a, um - outermost, utmost, extreme, farthest, last
felix, felicis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) happy, fortunate
ferox, ferocis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) savage, wild
imperītus, a, um - unskilled, ignorant
inscius, a, um - unaware
lēnis, lēne (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) smooth, relaxed, calm, gentle
levis, leve - light; floating
līber, lībera, līberum - free
mollis, molle - soft, effeminate (mollify)
pristinus, a, um - former, previous, old-fashioned (pristine)
posterus, a, um - next, following (posterity)
saucius, a, um - wounded
similis, simile (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) like, similar + genitive or dative
talis, tale (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) - such
tristis, triste - sad, grim
ultimus, a, um - farthest, most distant, most remote, uttermost, extreme, last
vetus, veteris (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) old (veteran)
vivus, a, um - alive
at or ast (adversative) but
autem (post positive) but, however
crās (adv.) tomorrow (procrastinate)
circā (prep. + acc.) around
dein or deinde - then, next
dum (+ indicative) while
dum (+ subjunctive) until
eō (adv.) to that place, there
eōdem (adv.) to the same place
ferē (adv.) generally, for the most part, usually
forte (adv.) by chance
item (adv.) in the same way, likewise
identidem (adv.) again and again
itaque (adv) and so, therefore
iterum (adv) again
iuxtā + acc, beside, next to
seu…seu or sive…sive - whether…or
quia (subordinating conj.) because
paulisper (adv.) for a little while
paulo - by a little
paulum - a little distance
paulatim (adv.) little by little
rursus (adv.) again
ultra (prep. + acc.) beyond
ut ante - as before
velut - just as
vix (adv.) barely, hardly
Somnium Scipionis, Dream of Scipio Vocabulary List lines 71-105
animō (1) to fill with breath or life
arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum - to judge
arceō, arcēre, acrui, arctus - to shut in, to enclose
aspiciō, aspicere, aspexī, aspectus - to look at, to see (aspect)
colō, colere, coluī, cultus - to cultivate, to care for; to worship (cultivate, colonist)
compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus - to fill
conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectus - to complete, to finish off
fīgō, fīgere, fīxī, fīxus - to fix, to fasten; to pierce (prefix)
fugō, fugāre - to put to flight
fugiō, fugere, fūgī - to flee
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitus - to beget (genitor = pater)
līberō (1) to free, to liberate (often with ablative of separation)
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak (interlocutor)
migrō (1) to go from one place to another, to depart
nectō, nectere, nexuī, nexus - to tie, to bind (nexus)
pateō, patēre, patuī (intrans.) -to lie open, to extend; be evident or obvious
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to permit, endure
profundō, profundere, profūdī, profūsus - to pour forth
proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum - to depart, to start out
reprimō, reprimere, repressī, repressus - to repress, to check
retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentus - to hold back
suspicor, suspicārī, suspicātus sum - suspect, to mistrust
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tactus - to touch
tueor, tuērī, tūtus sum - to look at, to look after, to protect
videor, vidērī, vīsus sum - to seem (copulative verb + dative of reference)
vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid, to fear
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī - to live, to be alive
vincō, vincere, vīcī, victus - to conquer
volvō, volvere, volvī, volūtus - to roll
acies, aciēī (f) line, edge, battle line; sight (triplex acies)
aura, aurae (f) breeze
auris, auris (f) ears (aural)
aurum, aurī (n) gold (AU)
aditus, aditūs (m) approach, entrance (ad + eo, ire)
anima, animae (f) breath, soul
astrum, astrī (n) star, constellation, heavenly body
candor, candōris (m) brilliant whiteness, radiant whiteness
carcer, carceris (m) prison; in plural = starting gate in Circus Maximus
coetus, coetūs (m) a uniting, meeting (co + eo, ire)
cursus, cursūs (m) course; race, a running
digitus, digitī (m) figure
decus, decoris (n) honour, glory, splendor
flētus, flētūs (m) weeping
fōns, fontis (m) spring, fountain (font)
genus, generis (n) king, class, race
gens, gentis (f) race, clan
globus, globī (m) sphere, globe
homo, hominis (m) man (homo sapiens, home erectus, ad hominem)
metus, metūs (m) fear
mēta, mētae (f) goal, turning point, cone-shaped pillar
mēns, mentis (f) mind
mors, mortis (f) death
mōtus, mōtūs (m) movement, motion
mūnus, mūneris (n) gift, duty, obligation
lux, lucis (f) light
lūmen, lūminis (n) light
orbis, orbis (m) disk (orbis terrārum)
pietās, piētātis (f) dutiful conduct, devotion, care for (adj. = pius, a, um)
pondus, ponderis (n) weight
punctum, punctī (n) a point (punctuation)
templum, templī (n) sacred space; temple
sidus, sideris (n) star
vinculum, vinculī (n) chain
necesse est - it is necessary, it is inevitable + acc. subject + infinitive
oportet, oportēre, oportuit - it is fitting, it is necessary + acc. subject + infinitive or substantive/noun clause (ut+ subjunctive)
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit, - it repents one; one repents, regrets, It discontents or displeases one, i. e. one is vexed, angry, offended, dissatisfied + Aliquem alicujus rei =
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pron.) - anyone, anything, some one, something
alacer, alacris, alacre - eager, active
alius, alia, aliud - one… the other, others (et al.)
alter, altera, alterum - the one, the other of two
citimus, a, um - nearest
ultimus, a, um - farthest
candidus, a, um - white, bright (candidate)
caelestis, caeleste - heavily, celestial
dulcis, dulce - sweet
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
infimus, a, um or īmus, a, um (superlative) the lowest
lūcĭdus, a, um - lux, containing light, full of light, clear, bright, shining
maior, maius - greater, bigger
melior, melius - better
pius, a, um - loyal, dutiful
quīdam, quaedam, quiddam - a certain, some
reliquus, a, um - the remaining
sempiternus, a, um (semper + aeternus) - everlasting, always eternal
summus, a, um - the highest, the highest part of
vetus, veteris (1 term. adj.) old
apud (prep. +acc.) in the presence of; near; among
cum…tum (correlative conj.) both…and
facile (adv.) easily
ferē (adv.) generally, almost, nearly
igitur (postpostive) therefore
iniussū - without a command or an order
magis (comp. adv.) more, rather
quid (interrogative adv.) why? what?
repente (adv.) suddenly
potius (comp. adv.) rather
quārē - for which reason
subter (adv.) below, beneath
ut prīmum - as soon as
Somnium Scipionis, Dream of Scipio Vocabulary List lines 33-70
augeō, augēre, auxī, auctus - to increase (augment)
audeō, audēre, ausus sum - to dare
arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum - to judge, to think (arbitration)
coepī, coepisse, coeptus - to begin (defective verb)
cogō, cogere, coēgī, coactus - to compel, to drive together (lac coactum = cheese)
conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectus - to complete, to finish
extinguō, extinguere, extinxī, extinctus - to put out, extinguish
fiō, fiērī, factus sum - to become, to happen; to be made (fiat lux)
fruor, fruī, fructus sum (+ ablative) to enjoy
fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsus - to pour forth (effusive)
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus - to consider; to have; to hold
moror, morārī, morātus sum - to delay, to linger (moratorium)
morior, morī, mortuus sum - to die (mortal)
nītor, nītī, nīsus sum - to strive, to reply on (often + ablative)
oportet, oportēre, oportuit (impersonal verb) it is fitting, it is necessary (+ acc. subject and infinitive or ut + subjunctive - a substantive clause)
occidō, occidere, occidī, occasus - to fall, to set (occidental)
occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus - to kill, slaughter, cut down (ob + caedo)
omittō, omittere - give up, send away (omission)
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper paratus)
pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative
pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to produce, give birth to (postpartum)
proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum - to depart, to start out
reor, rerī, ratus sum - to reckon, to think (rational)
regō, regere, rexī, rectus - to guide, direct; rule
soleō, solēre, solitus sum - (SP soler) to be accustomed to
spectō, spectāre - to watch, to look at
tradō, tradere, tradidī, traditus - to hand over, to pass down, to surrender
vertō, vertere, vertī, versus - to turn (revert)
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventūrus - to come (advent)
vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus - to call (vocation)
volō, volāre, volāvī, volātus - to fly (volatile)
volō, velle, voluī - to wish, to want + complementary infinitive
aditus, aditūs (m) an approach, a going toward
aevum, aevī (n) period of time, age (medieval)
aetās, aetātis (f) age, period of life (eternal)
aestās, aestātis (f) summer
anima, anima (f) breath
animus, animī (m) mind, spirt (animate)
ars, artis (f) skill, craft, art (ars gratia artis)
arx, arcis (f) citadel
artus, artūs (m) limbs
carcer, carceris (m) prison; starting gate in Circus Maximus (incarcerate)
cīvitās, cīvitātis (f) citizen body, nation, state, city-state
coetus, coetūs (m) a coming together (coitus)
cōnsilium, consiliī (n) plan, advice, consul, strategy
fātum, fātī (n) fate (for, fari, fatus sum - to speak)
ingenium, ingeniī (n) natural ability, talent, genius (genius, ingenuity, ingenious, engine)
ius, iuris (n) law, right (jurisdiction, jurisprudence)
lex, lēgis (f) law
lūmen, lūminis (n) light (illuminate)
manus, manūs (f) hand; band of men (manipulative, manufacture, manumission)
mānēs, mānium (m. pl.) ghosts, spirits of the underworld
mūnus, mūneris (n) duty, service; gift; games (municipal, munificent)
metus, metūs (m) fear
meta, metae (f) goal, turnning post
nepōs, nepōtis (m) descendant (nepotism)
reditus, reditūs (m) return
rēgius, a, um - royal, of a king
rēgia, -ae (f) palace
regnum, regnī (n) kingdom, kingship, royal power
salūs, salūtis (f) safety, health, salvation
sermo, sermonis (m) speech (sermon)
somnum, somnī (n) sleep (insomnia)
stella, stellae (f) star, planet
tempus, temporis (n) time (temporize)
vīs, vis (f) force
vīrēs, vīrium (f. pl.) strength
ălăcer, ălăcris, ălăcre - keen, eager (alacrity)
excelsus, a, um - elevated, high, lofty
fessus, a, um - tired, exhausted
impius, a, um - impious, wicked
mīrābilis, mīrābile - amazing
nōtus, a, um - familiar, recognized, known
pius, a, um - loyal, devoted, pius
impius, a, um - disloyal, irrevant
plēnus, a, um - full of + genitive case or ablative
tālis, tāle - such
tālis..quālis - such as
tantus, a, um - so great, such a size
tot (indecl. adj.) so many
uterque, utraque, utrumque - each (of two)
uter? utra, utrum? - which one of two?
aliquantō (adv./abl. of degree of difference) somewhat, by somewhat
autem (post positive) moreover
hīc - in this place
hūc - to this place
hinc - from this place
paene (adv.) almost, nearly (peninsula, penult)
quasi - as if
quidem/equidem - in fact, indeed
tam (adv.) so
tōtiēns (adv.) so many times
verō (postpositive) indeed, in fact
verum (adversative conj.) but
verē (adv.) truly
vix (adv.) scarcely, barely, hardly
tam…quam - so (much)…as
talis….qualis - such…as
tantus…quantus - as great…as
tamquam - as if
nōn sōlum…sed etiam - not only but also
potius quam - more than, more important than
nōn sōlum…sed etiam - not only but also
potius quam - more than, more important than
Vocabulary List for Ovid, Amōrēs 1.5 and Somnium Scipionis, lines 1-33
Expect a verb game on one of the verbs below and be able to decline: hoc solum cornū, ille brevis dies, iste celer currus, idem clarus rex, ea brevis res, illud clarum astrum.
canō, canere, cecinī - to sing
careō, carēre, caruī - to lack, to be in need of + ablative case
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus - to yield to + the dative (concessive, concession, concede)
crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditus - to believe + dative case
cōgō, cōgere, cōēgī, cōactus - to compel, to bring together
cōgītō (1) to think (cogito ergo sum)
complector, complector, complexus sum - to embrace (complex)
dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētus - to destroy (delete, Carthago delenda est)
discēdō, discēdere, discessī, discessus - to depart, to go away
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak (circumlocution, eloquent)
meminī, meminisse - to remember (defective - no present system)
ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentus - to show
obiciō, obicere, obiēcī, obiectus - to throw in the way, to throw in front of
oppugnō (1) to attack
pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative case
pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus)
scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptus - to write (manuscript)
sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītus - to know (omniscient, science) + complementary infinitive = know how to
soleō, solēre, solitus sum (semi-dep.)— to be accustomed to + complementary infinitive
suspiciō, suspicere, suspexī, suspectus - to look up
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus - to touch (tangent, tactile)
tegō, tegere, texī, tectus - to cover (protect)
tueor, tuērī, tutus sum - to look at; watch over; to protect
valeō, valēre - to be strong, to be well;
videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus - to see (evident, visionary)
videor, vidērī, vīsus sum - to seem (copulative & with dative of reference)
veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventūrus (advent, adventure)
vertō, vertere, vertī, versus - to turn (invert, revert, reverse, introvert, extrovert)
vehō, vehere, vēxī, vectus - to carry, to convey (convection)
volvō, volvere, volvī, volutus - to roll, to roll over and over (revolution)
aestās, aestātis (f) summer
aestus, aestūs (m) boiling, heat; tides
aetās, aetātis (f) age; time of life
ars, artis (f) skill, craft, art
arx, arcis (f) citadel
arcus, arcūs (m) bow
arātrum, arātrī (n) plough
frux, frūgis (f) crops; wheat; grain
astrum, astrī (n) star, constellation (astronaut, per aspera ad astra)
antrum, antrī (n) cave
atrium, atriī (n) atrium (central room in a Roman domus)
cornū, cornūs (n) horn; crescent moon
currus, currūs (m) chariot
cursus, cursūs (m) course, a running, a race
deus, deī (m) god (deus ex machina)
diēs, diēī (m/f) day (per diem, carpe diem)
lēgātus, lēgātī (m) ambassador, lieutenant general
luna, lunae (f) moon
orbis, orbis (m) disk, circle
nox, noctis (f) night
rēs, rēī (f) matter, situation, event, etc. (republic, in medias res, res ipsa loquitur)
rēx, rēgis (m) king
regnum, regnī (n) kingdom; kingship, royal power
regia, regiae (f) palace
sōl, sōlis (m) sun (solar)
stella, stellae (f) star (interstellar, constellation)
sermō, sermōnis (m) conversation, speech
somnus, somnī (m) sleep
triumphus, triumphī (m) triumphal procession
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pron.) anyone, anything
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adjective) some, a certain
quisque, quidque - each one, everyone
animōsus, a, um - bold, spirited
āter, ātra, ātrum - dark, back
brevis, breve - short, brief
clārus, a, um - bright, famous (clarity)
fessus, a, um - tired
iners, inertis - idle, lacking skill
ignāvus, a, um - lazy, idle
improbus, a, um - inferior, bad, shameless
potior, potius (comp. adjective) preferable, more important
plēnus, a, um - full of + genitive case
reliquus, a, um - the remain, the rest;
regius, a, um - royal
sōlus, a, um (-ius paradigm) - alone
tōtus, a, um (-ius paradigm) whole, entire
ūllus, a, um -(-ius paradigm) any
nullus, a, um (-ius paradigm) no
strēnuus, a, um - prompt, vigorous (strenuous)
sublīmis, sublīme - lofty, elevated (sublime)
suprēmus, a, um - highest, final, uppermost
verbōsus, a, um - full of words, wordy
vīvus, a, um - alive, living
autem (postpositive) in fact, indeed, moreover
igitur (postpositive) therefore
adhūc (adv.) still, yet
aliquantō - somewhat, by somewhat
itaque - and so, therefore
paene (adv.) almost
List for Pro Caelio, 450-520 & Lucretius, De Rerum Natura
conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectus - to complete, to finish off
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum - to try
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī - to fail, be wanting + dative case
doleō, dolēre - to suffer
dēficiō, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectus - to desert, leave, forsake, fail, be wanting, be exhausted, fail; give way, sink (deficient, defective, defect)
efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectus - to accomplish (effective, effect) + ut = substantive/noun clause
exorior, exorīrī, exortus sum - to rise out, to arise
fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsus - to pour (refuse, refund, infuse, effusive, diffuse, fundation, fundamental)
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitus - beget, bear, bring forth (pp., genitus, a, um, + abl. of source) - begotten of, born of (genital, congenital)
gubernō (1) to pilot, to control (gubernatorial, government)
incutiō, incutere, incussī, incussus - to strike, to dash
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī - to delight, to help
ludō, ludere - to play
labor, labī, lapsus sum - to slide, to glide, to slip (lapse, relapse, prolapse)
mutō (1) to change (mutation, immutable)
natō (1) to swim
niteō, nitēre - to shine (intransitive)
nītor, nītī, nīsus sum - to rely on (+ abl.); to struggle
pandō, pandere, pandī, passus - to spread out or open, extend, expose, disclose, declare, explain, reveal,
pangō, pangere, pepigī, pactus - to arrange, to compose
regō, regere, rexī, rectus - to guide, to rule, to direct
reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus - to find out, seek out, discover
rideō, ridēre, rīsī - to laugh, to smile (ridiculous, risible)
sapio, sapere, sapiī or sapīvī - to have sense, to know, to sense, to taste (sapient, homo sapiens)
sōpiō, sōpīre, sōpīvī or sōpiī, sōpītus - to put to sleep; pp. = sōpītus, a, um - lulled to sleep (soporific)
studeō, studēre, studuī - to be eager for, to support + dative
aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea
amnis, amnis (m) river
aura, aurae (f) breeze
auris, auris (f) ear (aural)
aurum, aurī (n) gold (AU)
disciplina, disciplinae (f) teaching, training (academic discipline)
cervīx, cervīcis (f) neck, nape of the neck (cervix, cervical)
convivium, conviviī (n) banquet, feast, dinner party
cursus, cursūs (m) a course, a running (discourse, cursūs honōrum)
causa, causae (f) cause, reason; case
causā + proceeding genitive = for the sake of
casus, casūs (m) a falling, chance, misfortune (cado, cadere)
casū = by chance
currus, currūs (m) chariot (car, Sp. coche)
facultās, facultātis (f) opportunity, occasion
ius, iuris (n) law, right (jurisdiction, jurisprudence)
genetrix, genetrics (f) mother (Venus Genetrix her temple is in Caesar’s Forum)
genus, generis (n) class, race, kind (generic, genre, sui generis, genus)
genū, genūs (n) knee (genuflect)
gena, genae (f) the cheek
gremium, gremiī (n) lap
pecus, pecudis (f) herd, flock (pecorino)
pectus, pectoris (n) chest
lūdus, lūdī (m) game; play; school
mōs, mōris (m) custom (mores, moral)
mūnus, mūneris (n) duty, service; gift (munificent, remuneration)
mūs, mūris, (m/f) a mouse (muscle)
quies, quietis (f) rest, quiet
salūs, salūtis (f) health, safety, salvation
speciēs, speciēī (f) appearance (species)
spiritus, spiritūs (m) breath (respiration, expire)
studium, studiī (n) eagerness; a pursuit, study
tellūs, tellūris (f) earth; mother earth
versus, versūs (m) verse
voluptās, voluptātis (f) pleasure; desire (voluptuary)
quisque, quidque (indefinite pron.) each one, each thing, each
almus, a, um - nurturing, kindly, nourishing
blandus, a, um - charming (blandishments)
dulcis, dulce - sweet (dulcet)
infelix, infelicis - unfortunate, ill-fated
lepidus, a, um - charming
pristinus, a, um - former, characteristic (pristine)
suāvis, suāve - sweet, agreeable, pleasant (suave)
vernus, a, um - of spring, vernal (vernal equinox)
vicinus, a, um - neighboring (vicinity)
simul ac = as soon as
forte (adv.) by chance
ferē (adv.) generally
aliquō (adv.) to some place
quō? (adv.) where, to where
quia (conj) because
quid?, what?, why?
quārē - why?
quot? How many (number)
quantus, a, um - how great? what size? (magnitude)
qualis, quale (adj.) what sort?
quando? when? (time)
quis? quid? (interrogative pronoun) who? what?
quidem (post positive/adv) certainly, in fact, indeed
aliō (adv.) to another place
eō (adv. ) to that place, there
eōdem (adv.) to the same place
prope (adv.) nearly (propinquity)
vicissim (adv.) in turn (vicissitude)
vix (adv.) scarcely, barely, hardly
PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 416-450
Be able to decline: ista infelix rēgīna or hic līber liber
Verb Game on: loquor or pello or eō, īre
arbitror, arbitārī, arbitrātus sum - to judge, to consider (arbiter bibendi, arbitration)
ardeō, ardēre, arsī, arsus - to burn, to be inflamed, to be passionate (ardent, arson, arsonist)
devinciō, devincīre, devinxī, devinctum - to tie down, bind; lay under obligation
calcitro (1) to strike with heals, to kick (recalcitrant)
confīdo, confīdere, confisus sum (semi-deponent, like audeo, soleo, gaudeo) to trust in, be confident in + dative case or accusative subjunctive + infinitive (confidant, confident)
credō, credere, credidī, creditus - to belive, to trust + dative case
doleō, dolēre - to suffer, to suffer pain
expōnō, exponere, exposuī, expositus - to place out, expose, explain (exposed, exponent, exposition)
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to confess, acknowledge (also: profiteor, confiteor)
gradior, gradī, gressus sum - to walk, to go (grade, gradual, graduation)
iactō (1) to toss about (frequentive form of iacio, iacere)
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak
metuō, metuere, metui - to fear
miror, mirārī, mirātus sum - to wonder, be amazed (miracle)
mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus sum - to labour at, to construct, build (mōlēs, mōlis f. - mass, burden)
natō (1) to swim (Spanish; nadar)
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born + abl. of source/origin
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to drive (repel, repulsive)
pervulgō (1) to publish, make common, prostitute one’s self
probō (1) test, try, prove, inspect, examine, approve, validate (head verb) (probe, probation, probate, approve)
putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus - to think (dispute, computer)
reperiō, reperere, reperī, repertus - to discover
repellō, repellere, repulī, repulsus - drive back, repulse
rumpō, rumpere, rupī, ruptus - to break, to burst (rupture)
sequor, sequī, secutus sum - to follow (consecutive, sequence; non sequitur)
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - take, take up, assume (assumption, presumption)
trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus - to hand over, to surrender (trade, tradition)
trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractus - to drag, to pull (detractor)
vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear + ut/ne + subjunctive
oportet, oportēre (impersonal verb) it is necessary, it is proper + ut/ne + subjunctive (noun clause) or acc. + inf.
necesse est + ut/ne + subjunctive (noun clause) or acc. + inf. = it is necessary
aedēs, aedis (f) temple
aedēs, aedium (f. pl.) palace, dwelling place
amnis, amnis (m) river
cor, cordis (n) heart (discord, concord)
fāma, fāmae (f) rumor, reputation, report
famēs, famis (f) hunger (famine; tango hambre)
foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract, agreement (federal, federalism)
foris, foris (f) door (generally in plural - double doors)
ianua, -ae (f) door (janitor, Janus)
hortus, hortī (m) garden (horticulture)
iuventus, -ūs (m) youth
gravitas, gravitatis (f) weight, seriousness, dignity
liber, librī (m) book (ex lībrīs)
metus, metūs (m) fear (Metus Gallicus - fear of Gauls)
mēns, mentis (f) mind, intention (mens rea, mens sana in corpore sana)
mensis, mensis (m) month
mensa, mensa (f) table (prīma mensa = first course)
mōs, mōris (m) custom, habit (mos maiorum; mores)
modus, modī (m) way, means, method (mood, mode)
ratiō, rationis (f) a reckoning, accounting, reasoning; method (ratio, rational)
senex, senis (m) old man (senile)
signum, signī (n) sign, signal; battle standard
studium, studiī (n) pursuit, eagerness, training, study
vestis vestis (f) clothing, garment
vestigium, -iī (n) trace; footprint (vestigial, vestiges)
vitium, vitiī (n) vice
vīta, -ae (f) life (vital)
voluptās, voluptātis (f) pleasure (voluptuary)
quisquam quaequam, quidquam, or quicquam: (indef. pron. subst.) - anyone, any, anything (in negative sentences, freq.)
agrestis, agreste - rustic, of the countryside
alienus, a, um - of another, belonging to another, foreign (aes alienum = debt)
clārus, a, um - bright; famous, illustrious
dūrus, a, um - hard, harsh
dubius, a, um - doubtful, dubious
foedus, a, um - foul, vile, polluted
ferreus, a, um - made of iron (FE)
effrēnatus, a, um - unbridled, unrestrained
infelix, infelicis (adj. one termination) unhappy, ill-fated (felix, felicis - happy, lucky, fortunate)
inanis, inane - empty, void (inane)
iniquus, -a, -um - unequal, unfair, unjust; hostile (in + aequus, a, um)
līber, lībera, līberum - free
līberī, līberōrum (m. pl.) children
molestus, a, um - bothersome, annoying
mollis, molle - soft (opposite durus, a, um)
parcus, a, um - frugal, stingy
praeceps, praecipitis (adj.) plunging head long, impetuous, rash (precipitous)
vērus, a, um - true
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque - whoever, whatever (indefinite relative)
scelestus, a, um - wicked, evil
severus, a, um - stern, severe
tālis, tāle - such
tristis, triste - sad, bitter
ultimus, a, um - far, distant; final (ultima, ultimatum, ultimate)
autem (postpositive) however, moreover
demum (adv.) at last, finally
deinde (adv.) then; from that point
forte (adv.) by change
igitur (postpositive) therefore
propter (prep. + acc.) on account of, because of (post hoc ergo propter hoc - "after this, therefore because of this")
praesertim (adv.) especially
plurimum (superlative adv.) the most
ob (prep. + acc.) on account of, because of
obviam īre = to meet + dative case
tamen (adv) nevertheless, however
tamquam (adv) just as, as if
tandem (adv) at last, finally
tantum (adv.) only
tot (indecl) so many
trans + acc, across
tum (adv) then
tunc (adv.) then, at that time
ubi (adv) where, in what place
ubi (conj) when
umquam (adv) ever
unde (adv) whence, from where
usquam (adv) ever
usque (adv) as far as, continuously, all the way
ut/utī (sub.conj.) + indicative = as, just as, when; + subjunctive = that, in order that
ut? (interrogative adv.) how?
valdē (adv.) strongly, very much
vel (conj) or; even
vērō (postpositive) indeed, truly, in fact
vērum (adversative conj.) but
vērē (adv.) truly
vel . . . vel, either or
velut (adv) just as, even as
vix (adv) scarcely, hardly
PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 354-415
Stop after correlative list at the inscription of Appius Claudius Caecus. See his road above.
Be able to decline istud grave foedus and idem celer pes
Verb game on: volō, velle, voluī or cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus
admoneō, admonēre, admonuī, admonitus - to warn, to advise (admonish, admonition)
celebrō (1) to frequent (a place) (celebrity, celebration)
complector, complectī, complexus sum - to embrace (complex)
commodō (1) to furnish, to supply
comitō (1) to accompany, go along
comēs, comitis (m) companion
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus - to compel; to bring together
dētrahō, dētrahere, dētraxī, dētractus - to drag down, pull down (detractor)
dirimō, dirimere, diremī, diremptus - to separate, to divide; to rip up; to destroy
excitō (1) call forth, arouse, stir up (compare recite, incite excite)
feriō, ferīre (4) - to strike
foedus ferire - to strike an agreement or treaty
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus - to bear, to bring, to endure
Idiom: fero, ferre + adv. = to take/bear something adverbially; Ego male tulī mortem meae rānae - “I took the death of my frog badly/poorly”
iciō, icere, icī, ictus - to hit, strike (ictus)
licet, licēre, licuit (impersonal verb + dative) it is permitted
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak (eloquent, loquacious, interlocutor, elocution, res ipsa loquitur)
maculō, maculāre, maculāvī, maculātus - to stain (immaculate, macular)
malō, malle, maluī - to prefer (magis + volo)
mereō, merēre, meruī, meritus - to earn, to gain; to deserve (merit, meretricious, demerit)
mūniō (4) to build; to construct; to fortify
nubō, nubere, nupsī, nuptus - to cover, to veil; to marry (nubile, prenuptial)
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit - it causes one regret + acc. + inf. or + acc. of person and genitive of thing regretted e.g. paenitet tē tuōrum facinorum - it cause you regret of your crimes = you regret your crimes.
pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative case (intransitive verb + dative)
pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce (postpartum)
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus)
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to beat, to strike, to drive, to push (compare depellere and repellere and expellere)
postulō (1) to demand, to require; to ask (postulate)
probō (1) to prove, test, approve (probation, probate)
progredior, progredī, progressus sum - to go forward, to proceed (progress, progression)
pudet, pudēre (impersonal) it causes an accusative (person) shame of a genitive (thing) or acc. + infinitive. Pudet me erroris mei = I am ashamed of my mistake.
quaerō, quaerere, quaesivī, quaesitum - to seek; to inquire, to ask
removeō, removēre, remōvī, remōtus - to remove (remote)
repetō, repetere, repetivī, repetitum - to seek back; recall
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - to take up, to assume (assume, assumption, consumption)
tueor, tuerī, tūtus sum - to protect, to watch over (tutor)
ūtor, ūti, ūsus sum - to use, to employ + ablative case
vendo, vendere - to sell
adventus, adventūs (m) arrival (advent)
amor, amōris (m) love; love affair (amorous)
avis, avis (m/f) bird (avis avī = grandfather’s bird; avus avis = “the bird’s grandfather”); avis avī - “grandfather’s bird” Avis Magna = Big Bird.
avus, avī (m) grandfather, ancestor (avuncular)
barba, barbae (f) beard
caput, capitis (n) head (decapitation, capital punishment)
currus, currūs (m) chariot, triumphal chariot (car)
cursus, cursūs (m) a running; a race; a course (cursūs honōrum; course)
dolor, doloris (m) - pain, anguish, suffering (dolor)
foedus, foederis (n) agreement, treaty, contract (federal, federation)
fons, fontis (m) spring, fountain (font)
gloria, gloriae (f) reputation, renown
imāgō, imāginis (f) image, likeness; wax death mask, portrait
līmen, līminis (n) threshold, doorway (liminal)
mōs, mōris (m) custom, habit (mores, mos maiorum - custom of ancestors)
mulier, mulieris (f) woman (sp. mujer)
odium, odiī (n) hatred (odious)
otium, otiī (n) leisure, time of leisure
persōna, persōnae (f) mask; character; personality (persōna nōn grata)
pēs, pedis (m) foot; step (pedometer, pedestrian)
progeniēs, progeniēī (f) offspring, descendent (progeny)
statua, statuae (f) statue
temeritās, temeriātis (f) chance, accident, rashness (temerity)
testis, testis (m) witness (testify, testimony, testicle)
vitium, vitiī (n) vices (vice)
vīta, vītae (f) life (curriculum vitae = CV)
venēnum, venēnī (n) poison (venom)
aliēnus, a, um - belonging to another (alien, resident alien)
aliquot (indecl. indefinite adj.) some (number), several
aeger, aergra, aegrum - sick, weak, wounded
aemulus, a ,um - rivalling; as substantive = a rival (emulate)
amplus, a, um - large, spacious, ample (amplify)
barbātus, a, um - bearded, wearing a beard
cognātus, a, um - related, kindred (cognate vs. derivative)
clārus, a, um - clear, illustrious, bright; distinguished
dignus, a, um - worthy of + ablative case
foedus, a, um - foul, disgusting
indignus, a, um - unworthy of + ablative case
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
inferus, a, um - lower, below, infernal (infernal)
inimīcus, a, um - hostile (inimical) + dative
horridus, a, um - rough, bristling; terrifying
muliebris, -e - of a mulier, mulieris (f)
notus, a, um - familiar, known
priscus, a, um - old, ancient (Tarquinius Priscus)
saucius, a, um - wounded
turpis, turpe - vile, foul, disgusting, base, shameful (turpitude)
urbānus, a, um - of the city; refined, elegant, polite (urbane) Adrielinus est urbānus.
aliquis, aliquid - anyone, someone, anything, something
quisque, quidque - each one, eachthing everyone, everything (indefinite pronoun)
quīdem, quaedam, quoddam (indef. adj.) a certain, some
opus est + ablative = there is a need of ___________. Opus est celeritāte = “there is a need for speed”
aliquantō - by somewhat, somewhat (abl. degree of difference)
clam (adv.) secretly
palam (adv.) openly
forte (adv.) by chance (from fors, fortis, f. - chance)
cotidie (adv.) daily, every day
cum…tum (correlative conj.) both…and; not only…but also
ne...quidem = not even
quamdiū - as long as, however long; how long?
magis quam - rather than
mininē (superlative adv.) the least, not at all
minus (adv.) less
minus (substantive nound) less (minus amoris = less of love)
minus quam = less than
palam (adv.) openly, publicly
potius quam = rather than
potissimum (superlative adv.) especially
prope (adv.) nearly
simul (adv.) at the same time together
usque (adv.) as far as one can go, all the way
satis or sat (indecl. adj. or adv.) enough, sufficiently
an (interrogative) whether (expect in an indirect question).
untrum…an? (interrogative) whether … or (expect in an indirect question).
dēmum - at length, at last precisely
eiusmodi = of such a kind (can anticipate a result clause)
haud (adv.) no, in no way
itaque (adv.) and so
omnīno (adv.) entirely
quidem (adv.) indeed
nē…quidem - not even (surrounds what it emphasis)
paulō (adv.) by a little
paulum (adv.) a litte distance
paulātim (adv.) little by little
utinam (introduces a volitive/optative subjunctive) - would that
correlative conjunctions:
ita/sic . . . ut - just/in the same way . . . as
simul . . . ac/atque/ut . . . as soon as
tālis . . . quālis - such (. . .) as
tam . . . quam - as/so . . . as; (both . . . and)
tantus, -a, -um . . . quantus, -a, -um - as much/great . . . as
tantō (+ comparative) . . . quantō (+ comp.) - the _____er . . .the _____er
(ab. of degree of difference)
tot . . . quot - as many . . . as
totiēns . . . quotiēns - as often as . . . (so often)
alius/aliter . . . ac/atque - different(ly)/otherwise . . . from/than
cum . . . tum - both . . . and (especially); (not only . . . but also)
Second List for Marcus Tullius Cicero
celebrō (1) to spread, to make know (celebrate)
dēbeo, dēbēre, dēbui, dēbitus to owe or ought + infinitive
maculō, maculāre, maculāvi, maculātus - to stain (immaculate, macular)
malō, malle, maluī - to prefer (magis + volo)
mereō, merēre, meruī, meritus - to earn, to gain; to deserve (merit, meretricious, demerit)
mūniō (4) to build; to construct; to fortify
pāreō, pārēre, pāruī - to obey + dative case
pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce (postpartum)
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus)
postulō (1) to ask, demand, claim, require, request, desire
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure; to allow (passive, patient)
pateō, patēre, patuī - to be open, to lie open, to be revealed (intransitive verb)
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit - it causes one regret + acc. + inf. or + acc. of person and genitive of thing regretted e.g. paenitet tē tuōrum facinorum - it causes you regret of your crimes = you regret your crimes.
aetās, aetātis (f) age; time of life; youth
argūmentum, argūmentī (n) the means of making clear; subject, theme, story
ars, artis (f) skill, art (ars gratia artis)
culpa, culpae (f) fault, blame
dignitās, dignitātis (f) rank, social position, worth
flōs, flōris (m) flower (florence)
ingenium, ingeniī (n) genius, talent (ingenious)
laus, laudis (f) praise (summā cum laude)
locus, locī (m) place, point, role
pudicitia, pudicitiae (f) morality, sexual purity
pudor, pudōris (m) shame; feeling or fear of shame, 5.455; modesty; purity, virtue, honor
speciēs, speciēī (f) appearance
testis, testis (m) witness (testify, testicle)
invitus, a, um - unwilling, unwillingly
lenis, lene - gentle
levis, leve - light
robustus, a, um - hardened, mature (robust)
severus, a, um - stern
tristis, triste - sad, ill-humored
aliquanto - by somewhat, somewhat (abl. degree of difference)
clam (adv.) secretly
cotidie (adv.) daily, every day
cum…tum (correlative conj.) both…and; not only…but also
ne...quidem = not even
quamdiu - as long as, however long
quidem (postpositive) indeed, in fact
magis (comp. adv.) more
magis quam - more than, rather than
mininē (superlative adv.) the least, not at all
minus (adv.) less
minus (substantive nound) less (minus amoris = less of love)
minus quam = less than
palam (adv.) openly, publicly
potius quam = rather than
potissimum (superlative adv.) especially, chiefly
prope (adv.) nearly
simul (adv.) at the same time together
usque (adv.) as far as one can go, all the way
satis or sat (indecl. adj. or adv.) enough, sufficiently
an (interrogative) whether
untrum…an (interrogative) whether … or
dēmum - at length, at last precisely
eiusmodi = of such a kind (can anticipate a result clause)
haud (adv.) no, in no way
itaque (adv.) and so
omnino (adv.) entirely
quidem (adv.) indeed, in fact
paulō (adv.) by a little
paulum (adv.) a litte distance
paulātim (adv.) little by little
praeter (prep. + acc. ) execpt
utinam (introduces a volitive/optative subjunctive) - would that
correlative conjunctions:
ita/sic . . . ut - just/in the same way . . . as
simul . . . ac/atque/ut . . . as soon as
talis . . . qualis - such (. . .) as
tam . . . quam - as/so . . . as; (both . . . and)
tantus, -a, -um . . . quantus, -a, -um - as much/great . . . as
tanto (+ comparative) . . . quanto (+ comp.) - the _____er . . .the _____er
(ab. of degree of difference)
tot . . . quot - as many . . . as
totiens . . . quotiens - as often as . . . (so often)
alius/aliter . . . ac/atque - different(ly)/otherwise . . . from/than
cum . . . tum - both . . . and (especially); (not only . . . but also)
First Vocabulary List for Marcus Tullius Cicero (Homo Novus)
absum, abesse, ā(b)fuī - to be absent, to be away
adsum, adesse, adfuī - to be present
dēsum, -esse, -fuī: be lacking, to fail (+dative )
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, constituī, constitūtus - to establish, put in place
dubitō (1) to doubt, to be uncertain
iactō (1) to toss (frequentive of iacio, iacere)
ignoscō, ignoscere, ignovī, ignotum - to pardon + dative case
improbō (1) to disapprove, condemn
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive (nōn licet Shreyae mordēre ursōs).
miror, mirārī, mirātus sum - to wonder or marvel at
nitor,, nitī, nisus or nixus sum - to rely on + ABLATIVE CASE; to stive
probō (1) to approve; to prove
improbō (1) to criticize, to rebuke
oppugnō (1) to attack (Oppugnacious Dan)
obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessus - to besiege, to blockade (obsession)
oportet, oportēre, oportui (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure; to allow (passive, patient)
pateō, patēre, patui - to be open, to lie open, to be revealed (intransitive verb)
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit - it causes one regret + acc. + inf. or + acc. of person and genitive of thing regretted e.g. paenitet tē tuōrum facinorum - it causes you regret of your crimes = you regret your crimes.
putō (1) to think (repute, dispute, computer)
studeō, studēre, studuī (+ dative) to be eager for, support, to favour
tueor, tuērī, tutus sum - to protect, watch over, look at, to keep (tutor)
utor, utī, usus sum + abl. case - to use, to enjoy, to employ (abuse)
vivo, vivere, vixi - to live, to be; to act (vivacious)
versō (1) to turn over and over; to engage in (frequentive form of verto, vertere, verti, versus)
versor (1) to be engaged in; to be involved in
aetās, aetātis (f) age, time of life; youth
causa, -ae (f) reason, cause; case
currus, currūs (m) chariot (car)
consilium, consiliī (n) plan, advice, strategy
crīmen, crīminis (n) charge (not a crime)
cīvitās, cīvitātis (f) state, nation
facinus, facinoris (n) deed; crime
gratia, -ae (f) charm, influence (ingratiate)
iudicium, iudiciī (n) court, trial, judgment
iudex, iudicis (m) judge
lex, lēgis (f) law
ludus, ludī (m) game, games
mare, maris (n) sea (neuter i-stem noun)
mōs, mōris (m) custom, habit, mores, tradition (mos maiorum)
negotium, -iī (n) business, legal work
odium, odiī (n) hatred, hate
otium, otiī (n) leisure, time of leisure
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour
ōs, ōris (n) mouth; face
os, ossis (n) bone
ōra, ōrae (f) border, shore
pietās, pietātis (f) devotion to father/family, gods and fatherland
ratiō, ratiōnis (f) reckoning, manner of thinking, reason, method
supplicium, suppliciī (n) punishment
status, statūs (m) state, position (status quo)
spes, speī (f) hope, expectation, ambition (sine spē)
tempus, temporis (n) time (tempus fugit, O tempora, O mores)
vīs, vis (f) force, violence; strength (in the plural) lex dē vī
vultus, vultūs (m) face, expression, countenance
vulnus, vulneris (n) wound
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything (N.B; after si, nisi, num and nē “ali “goes away. Expect; sī quis, nē quis, etc.)
quisque , quaeque, quodque or (subst.) quidque or quicque: (indef. pron.), each, every; each one, every one
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam/quidquam (indef. pron./adj.) - someone, anyone
uter, utra, utrum? (interrogative pron.) which (one) of two? (unus nauta paradigm)
ācer, ācris, ācre - sharp, fierce, bitter, harsh
acerbus, a, um - bitter, hostile
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
is, ea, id (weak demonstrative adjective) the, that
ignarus, a, um - unaware of, ignorant of
inlustris, inlustre - bright, clear, eminent
festus, a, um - of a holiday
forensis, forense - of the forum, legal
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adj.) some, a certain, certain
tantus, a, um - so great
cotidie - daily, on any day
forte (adv.) by chance (from fors, fortis (f) - chance)
nōn modo…sed etiam - not only …but also
nec (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
neque (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
ne…quidem - not even
nimis (adv.) too much, excessive
nīhil (adv. or indeclinable noun) in no way; nothing
nunc (adv.) now
quīn (conj.) that (generally following negative verbs or words of doubt)
quam diū? How long?
vel… vel (conjunction) either..or
velut (adv) just as, even as
vērō (post positive) indeed, in fact
vērum (adversative conj.) but
vērē (adv.) truly
vix (adv) scarcely, hardly, barely
First list for the Aeneid
Be able to decline: haec fortis vis or illud altum mare
Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas
Argi, -orum (m. pl.) Argos, city in Greece where Juno is worshipped
Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek
Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek
Ganymēdēs, -is (m) Trojan boy and son of Laomedon, king of Troy
Lāvīnius, a, um - Lavinian, of Lavinium
Parcae, -arum (f) Fates
Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan (Teucer was a king of Troy)
Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium
Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant
Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn
Trōs, Trōis (m) Trojan
Words of Special Significance:
moles, molis (f) a mass, weight, burden
pietas, pietatis (f)
pius, a, um
condo, condere, condidi, conditus
volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo
vatēs, vatis (m) bard, prophet, singer; poet
accendo, accendere, accendi, accensus - to inflame; enrage
adeo, adire, adiī, aditus - to approach, encounter
ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn; be eager
arceo, arcere, arcui - keep off, defend, restrain
cano, canere, cecinī, cantus - to sing
cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus - to discern, perceive
doleo, dolere, dolui - to suffer, grieve, resent
eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away
for, fari, fatus sum - to speak
foveo, fovere, fovi - to cherish, fondle
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour
furo, furere, furui - to rage, rave, be frantic
iacto (1) to toss, buffet
impello, impellere, impulī, impulsus - to strike against, drive, force
incedo, incedere, incessi, incessus - to stride; go forth; walk
labor, labi, lapsus sum - to slipe, to slide
laedo, laedere, laesi, laesus - to hurt, strike, offend
metuo, metuere, metui - to fear
patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; allow
ruo, ruere, rui - fall; rush; sink
sino, sinere, sivi - to permit, allow
tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentus - to stretch
voluto (1) to turn over, roll
volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo
aequor, aequoris (n) sea
altum, -i (n) the deep, the sea
arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height
ara, ae (f) altar
arvum, -i (n) cultivated field
aura, -ae (f) breeze, air
aurum, -i (n) gold
causa, -ae (f) cause, reason
casus, -ūs (m) misfortune, chance
cura, -ae (f) care, anxiety,
currus, -ūs (m) chariot
donum, -i (n) gift
fatum, -i (n) fate
fors, fortis (f) chance, fortune
fluctus, us (m) wave, tide, flood, sea
furia, -ae (f) rage, madness
genus, generis (n) race; kind, origin,
gens, gentis (f) clan, race, nation
litus, litoris (n) shore
moenia, -ium (n) walls
numen, numinis (n) divine authority, divinity
ora, -ae (f) shore
pontus, -i (m) sea
portus, -us (m) port
porta, -ae (f) gate
progenies, progeniei (f) offspring
pelagus, -i (n) sea
pectus, pectoris (n) chest; heart; soul
relinquiae, ārum (fe. pl.) the leavings, remnants
sidus, sideris (n) star
socius, -i (m) ally, comrade, follower
sanguis, -inis (m) blood
somnus, -i (m) sleep, slumber; dream
turbo, turbinis (m) whirlwind
vetus, veteris (adj.) old
asper, aspera, asperum - rough, harsh
ater, atra, atrum - dark, black, gloomy
caelestis, -e(adj.) of the sky, heavenly
carus, a, um - dear + dative case
dives, divitis (adj.) rich
fessus, a, um - tired, weary
immanis, -e- huge, monstrous, enormous
insignis, -e- marked, distinguished
invīsus, a, um - hated
infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed
inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath
memor, memoris (adj.) mindful + genitive case
saevus, a, um - cruel, savage
enim - for, indeed, in truth
insuper (adv.) above, besides
lātē (adv.) widely, far and wide
longe (adv.) far off
necdum (adv.) not yet
olim (adv.) once upon a time, once
praeterea (adv.) besides, hereafter
qua (adv.) where, in anyway
quippe - truly, indeed surely
una (adv.) together, at the same time
unde - from which, whenc
Vocabulary List for Book One of Vergil’s Georgics
audeō, audēre, ausus sum - to dare (audacious, audacity)
appareō, apparēre, apparuī, apparitus to appear; be evident/visible (apparition)
careō, carēre, caruī - to lack + ablative case
denuntiō (1) to announce (denounce)
comprendō, comprendere, comprendī, comprensus - to catch/seize/grasp firmly
condō, condere, condidī, conditus - to establish, to found, to place (AUC = ab urbe conditā)
faveō, favēre, favī - to favour (+ dative case - intransitive verb)
foveō, fovēre - to cherish, to keep warm
incipiō, incipere, incēpī, inceptus - to begin (inception, inceptive)
miseror, miserārī, miserātus sum - to pity
manō, manāre - to drip; to flow
maneō, manēre, mansī, mansus - to remain
moneō, monere, monuī, monitus - to remind, warn, advise (admonition, admonish)
operiō, operīre, operuī, opertus - to cover, to conceal; to atone for
prosum, prodesse, profuī - to be useful, to benefit + dative case (profit)
queror, querī, questus sum - to complaint, to lament
respiciō, respicere, respexi, respectus - to look back at (respect)
rideo, ridēre, risi, risus - to laugh (risible)
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus - - to burst, break (rupture, rumpēns ilia)
salio, salīre, saluī - to leap, jump, hop (salient, resilient)
succurrō, succurrere - to aid, to help (sub + curro) + dative case (succor)
soleō, solēre, solitus sum -to be accustomed + infinitive (como di solito)
solvō, -solvere, solvī, solutus - free, resolve, undo, release
surgō, surgere, surrexī, surrectus - to rise (surge, insurrection)
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tactus - to touch (tangent, tactile)
tego, tegere, texi, tectus - to cover (protect)
volvō, volvere, volvī, volutus - to roll (revolve, revolution)
vehō, vehere, vexī, vectus - to carry; in passive voice = to travel (convey, convection, survey)
aciēs, aciēī (f) edge, battleline, battle, sight
amnis, amnis (m) river
casus, casūs (m) change; misfortune
carcer, carceris (m) prison, jail, starting barriers/gates (incarcerate)
cruor, cruoris (m) blood, gore
dolor, doloris (m) pain, suffering
dolus, dolī (m) trick; deceit
ignis, -is (m) fire (igneous rock)
insidiae, insidiārum (f) ambush (plural for singular), deception, treachery.
ensis, ensis (m) sword
faciēs, faciēī (f) face, appearance (facial, facade)
fraus, fraudis (f) deceit, deception; a crime
fīnis, fīnis (m/f) end, limit; boundary (imperium sine fīne)
fulgur, fulguris (n) lightening, flashing
fūlmen, fūlminis (n) lightening bolt
lucus, lucī (m) grove (sacred)
macula, -ae (f) stain, spot (immaculate, The Immaculate Conception)
mōs, mōris (m) custom, mores, habits (mos maiorum)
motus, motūs (m) motion, movements (terramota)
nemus, nemoris (n) grove
nubes, nubis (f) cloud; smoke
orbis, orbis (m) ring, disk, hoop, orbit (orbis terrarum)
ortus, -ūs (m) rising, a rising
occāsus, occāsūs (m) setting, a falling (occasion)
onus, oneris (n) burden (onus probandī)
ōra, ōrae (f) shoreline; boarder
ōs, ōris (n) mouth; face
os, ossis (n) bone
regia, regiae (f) palace
saeclum, -i (n) age; period of time
signum, signī (n) sign; signal; battle standard
tectum, tectī (n) roof, building (from tego, tegere, texi, tectus)
tergum, tergī (n) back
tellūs, tellūris (f) earth; mother earth; Tellus
tumultus, tumultūs (m) an uproar, violent commotion; tumult; civil war
unda, -ae (f) a wave; water (und
caecus, a, um - blind
dirus, a, um - dreadful, ugly, ill-omened, fearful
dūrus, a, um - hard (obdurate)
grandis, grande - large, great
indignus, indigna, indignum (+ ablative) unworthy, undeserving (indignate)
igneus, a, um - of fire (igneous)
levis, leve - light; floating
maestus, maesta, maestum - sad, gloomy
nitidus, a, um - bright, shining, radiant
pallidus, pallida, pallidum - pale (pallor)
umidus, a, um - wet, full of moisture (humidity)
magis (adv.) more greatly, more, rather
magnopere (adv.) greatly
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything
quippe (adv.) of course; surely
quisque, quidque - each one, each thing
quis, quid? (interrogative pronoun) who? what?
qui, quae, quod? (interrogative adjective) What? which?
quamquam (conj.) - although
totiēns (adv.) so often
quotiēns (adv.) how often? how often!
quisque, quidque - each one, each thing
, Eclogue Vocabulary
(re) cubo, cubāre, cubuī, cubitus,- to recline, to relax, go to bed, recline at dinner
mīrōr, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder at, marvel
cano, canere, cecinī, cantum - to sing
cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētus - to separate; distinguish by senses; perceive; discern
cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround; to equip; put on (in passive/middle voice)
faveo, favere, favi + DATIVE CASE - to favour
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour
iuvo (1) to please; to help, aid
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to admit, to confess
invideō, invidēre - to envy
labor, labī, lapsus sum - to slip, to slide
memini, meminisse (defective verb- look up its paradigm) - to remember (coepī and odī are also defective)
mūto (1) to change (mutation)
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born (neonatal, pregnant)
nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum - to obtain
oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblitus sum - to forget + genitive case (oblivious)
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to strike, drive (repellent, repulsive)
pendeō, pendēre, pependī, pensus - to hang (pendent)
prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, prōditus - to hand over, betray
potior, potīrī, potitus sum - to get/gain possession of + genitive or ablative case
patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow (passive, patience)
pateō, patēre, patuī - to lie open, to be revealed (patently)
procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward (procession)
rego, regere, rexi, rectus - to rule, guide, direct
redeo, redire - to return, come back
regno (1) to reign, to have royal power
rideo, ridere, risi, risum - to laugh (risible)
resonō, resonāre - to echo (resonate)
respicio, respicere, respexi, respectus - to behold, to look back at
relinquō, relinquere, reliquī, relictus, a, um -to leave behind (relinquish)
rideo, ridere, risi, risus - to laugh
soleō, solēre, solitus sum -to be accustomed + infinitive (como di solito)
solvō, -solvere, solvī, solutus - free, resolve, undo, release
surgō, surgere, surrexī, surrectus - to rise (surge, insurrection)
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry, convey
suadeo, suadēre - to urge
aetās, aetātis (f) age (aetas aurea)
aestās, aestātis (f) summer
aes, aeris (n) bronze
āēr, āēris (m) air
agnus, agnī (m) lamb (agnus dei)
arvum, arvī (n) plowed fields
carmen, carminis (n) song; poem (charm)
fons, fontis (m) spring, fountain (font of knowledge)
frigus, frigoris (n) cold (frigid)
grex, gregis (m) a flock (egregious, gregarious)
iuvenis, iuvenis (m) youth
lac, lactis (n) milk (Madonna Lactans)
mundus, mundī (m) world
mensis, mensis (m) month
mensa, mensae (f) table
mūrus, mūrī (m) wall (intramural, mural)
nūmen, nūminis (n) divinity, divine power
otium, otiī (n) leisure, free time, holiday
onus, oneris (n) burden, load (onus probandī, onerous)
pondus, ponderis (n) weight
rupes, rupis (f) cliff, outcrop; bank
saeclum, saeclī (n) age; period of time
scelus, sceleris (n) crime, evil
spēs, speī (m) hope
tellūs, tellūris (f) earth; mother earth
venenum, venenī (n) poison
vestigium, vestigī (n) traces, footsteps
uva, -ae (f) grape
umbra, umbrae (f) shade, shadow; ghost, shade in underworld
aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak, ill, suffering
agrestis, agreste - rustic
ferreus, a, um - made of iron (FE)
dūrus, a, um - hard, unyielding
humilis, humile - low, on the ground; humble. lowly
iners, inertis (adj) inactive, lazy, immobile; without skill (inert)
lentus, a, um - slow, calm
maestus, a, um - sad
mollis, molle - soft (mollify)
parvus, a, um - small
serus, a, um - late (buona sera)
stultus, a, um - foolish, stupid
tenuis, tenue - slender, thin; refined (tenuous)
modo (adv.) recently, just now
quot? (interrogative adj.) how many?
postquam (subordinating conjunction) after
posteā (adv.) afterward
post (prep. + acc.) after
passim (adv.) here and there; scattered about
paulatim (adv.) little by little
paulō (abl. of degree of difference) by a little, a little
paulum (adv.) a little distance
tantus, a, um…quantus, a, um (correlatives rabbits) as great as; as much as
tantum (adv.) only
undique (adv) from or on all sides
usque (adv.) continuously, without interruption
Vocabulary List for Cicero, Philippics
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessus - to approach (ad + cedo, cedere)
ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn
cohibeō, cohibēre, cohibuī, -itus - to hold together, restrain, confine, check, curb, repress,
cogito (1) to think, to reason, to plan
conloco (1) to bring together, to set in order; invest
constat (constabat, constabit, etc - used impersonally) - it is settled, established, undisputed, certain, well known, etc.),
debeo, debere, debui, debitus - ought + infintive
ecfundo, ecfundere, ecfudi, ecfusus - to pour out, to lavish
fio, fieri, factus sum - to happen, to become
imbuo, imbuere, imbui, imbutus - to make wet
intelligo, intelligere, intellexi, intellectus - to understand
inter-eō, -īre -iī, -itūrus, (perf.interīsse, C.) -to to go among, be lost
imbuō, imbuere, imbuī, imbūtus - to wet, moisten; stain,
iugulo (1) to strangle
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus - to order
minor (1) to threaten
opto (1) to wish, to pray
parco, parcere, peperci (+ dative) to spare
praetereo, praeterire - to go by, to pass by
propulso (1) beat back
postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatus - demand, claim; require; ask/pray for
respergo, respergere, respersi, respersum - to sprinkling
trucido (1) to slaughter
utor, uti, usus sum - to use, to employ (+ abl. case)
animus, -i (m) mind, spirit, heart
auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) authority, personal power, influence
consilium, -ii (n) plan, strategy, advice
copia, -ae (f) troops, forces, resources
crudelitas, crudelitatis (f) cruelty
exercitus, -ūs (m) army
furor, furoris (m) madness, passion
gratia, -ae (f) thanks, influence, charm
genus, generis (n) kind, class
hospes, hospitis (m) - one who either gives or receives the entertainment of a guest; a guest
impetus, -ūs (m) attack
mens, mentis (f) mind, intension
patrimonium, -ii (n) inheritance
pestis, pestis (f) plague, disease
pes, pedis (m) foot
reditus, -ūs (m) return (re-eo)
salus, salutis (f) health, safety, salvation
scelus, sceleris (n) wickness, bad deed
tectum, -i (n) roof, building
crudelis, crudele - cruel, savage, blood thirsty
firmus, a, um - strong, solid
ignarus, a, um (+ gen.) unaware, ignorant of
iratus, a, um - angry
nefarius, -a, um - wicked, evil
pestifer, pestifera, pestiferum - pestilential; destructive
privatus, a, m - private
publicus, a, um - official, public
dum (subordinating conj.) + indicative = while
dum (subordinating conj.) + subjunctive = until
deinde - afterwards, then, next
hūc - to this place
hinc - from this place
hīc - in this place, here
interim - in the meantime
interea (adv.) meanwhile
iterum (adv.) again
inde - from that place, thence
unde - from where, whence
aliter (adv.) otherwise
fundĭtus (adv.) from the very bottom, from the foundation
maximē (adv.) especially
magis (comp. adv.) more
potius (comp. adv.) more
omnīno (adv.) - wholly, entirely, altogether,
paene (adv.) almost
potius (comp. adv.) more, rather
quamquam (adv.) although
quia (subordinating conj.) because
tandem (adv. ) at last, finally
quo…usque = How long? To what extent?
Vocabulary List for Suetonius’ Account of Caesar’s Death from De Vita Caesarum
adripio, adripere, adripui, arreptus - to seize, grasp
adsideo, adsidere - to sit near
animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus - to notice
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum (+ dative case) - to approach
cado, cadere, cecidī, casurus - to fall
clamo (1) to shout
conor, conārī, conātus sum - to try
conspiro (1) to conspire
dependeo, dependēre - to hang down
differo, differre, distuli, dīlatum - to scatter about , to put off
irruo, irruere - to rush in (in + ruo, ruere)
obvolvo, obvolvere - to wrap up, to cover
occīdo, occīdere, occīdi, occīsus - to kill
publico (1) to make public, confiscate
prosilio, prosilīre -- to leap forth
rogo, rogāre (1) to ask
reperio, reperīre, repperī, repertus - to ascertain, to discover
stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictus - to draw
suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus - to undertake, to begin
tardo (1) to slow
trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus - hand down
traicio, traicere - to pierce
velo (1) to cover
vulnero (1) to wound
Deponent Verbs that Govern the Ablative Case as Direct Objective
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum + ablative - to use, to employ, to enjoy (use)
abutor, abuti, abusus sum - to abuse + ablative
fruor, fruī, fructus sum - to enjoy + ablative
fungor, fungī, functus sum - to perform + ablative (function)
potior, potīrī, potītus sum - to gain possession of + ablative or genitive case
nītor, nītī, nīsus sum - to lean or rest upon, to strive, to rely on + ablative
vescor, vescī - to feed on + ablative
animus, -i (m) mind, intention
bracchium, -ii (n) arm
crus, cruris (n) shin, leg
eques, equitis (m) cavalry, horseman
graphium, -i (n) stilus, sharply pointed instrument for writing
gemitus, -ūs (m) groan
gestus, -ūs (m) gesture, posture
ictus, ictūs (m) a blow, striking
iugulum, -i (n) throat
medicus, -i (m) doctor
metus, -ūs (m) fear
officium, -iī (n) duty, business
plaga, -ae (f) blow, wound
pugio, pugionis (m) dagger
pars, partis (f) part side, direction, role, party
servolus,-i (m) diminutive of servus, -i (m)
sinus, ūs (m) fold (in a toga); lap; bosom; bay
speciēs, specieī (f) appearance, pretext
umerus, -i (m) shoulder
vis, vis (f) violence, force
adversus, a, um - turned toward, facing
aversus, a, um - turned away (here: from the back)
cunctus, a, um - all
exanimis, -e - lifeless
honestus, a, um - respectable, honorable
imus, a, um - lowest
inferior, inferius - lower
uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm) - each (of two)
uter?, utra?, utrum? (-ius paradigm) - which one (of two)?
aliquamdiu = for some time
donec = until
etsi (conj.) even if, although
ilico (adv.) immediately, on the spot
infra + acc. = below
propius (comp. adv) nearer, closer
quasi = as if
undique (adv.) on all sides, from all sides
Ecce Romani III, Chapter 58 & 59 - Murder of Clodius on the Via Appia
Expect a verb game on eo, ire, ii, iturus
abutor, abuti, abusus sum - to abuse + ablative
fruor, fruī, fructus sum - to enjoy + ablative
fungor, fungī, functus sum - to perform + ablative (function)
potior, potīrī, potītus sum - to gain possession of + ablative or genitive case
nītor, nītī, nīsus sum - to lean or rest upon, to strive, to rely on + ablative
arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think
augeo, augere, auxi, auctus - to increase (augmentation, augment)
alloquor, alloqui, allocutus sum - to address (allocution)
complector, complectī, complexus sum - to embrace
confluo, confluere, confluxi - to flow together (confluence)
impero (1) to command + dative of person
intelligo, intelligere, intellexi, intellectus - to realize, to learn
iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus - to join (conjunction, conjugal)
lateo, latere, latui (intransitive verb) - to hide (latent)
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder, to be amazed (miracle)
nuntiō (1) to announce
occīdo, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus - to kill (ob + caedo)
occido, occidere, occidī, occāsus - to fall, to set (occident, occasion) (ob + cado)
occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursus - to meet + dative case (ob + curro)
orior, orīrī, ortus sum - to arise (orient, oriental)
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum - to attack, to rise against
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus - to show (ostensible, ostentation)
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out, to depart
regredior, regredi, regressus sum - to go back, to step back (regression)
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus - to burst, to break (rupture)
sequor, sequi, secutus sum - to follow (segue, consecutive)
succurrō, succurrere, succurī - to help, to aid (succor) + dative
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus - to touch (tangent, tactile)
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - to lift, to raise; to raze, to destroy
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī - to live, to be alive; to be
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry (convey, convention)
aequor, aequoris (n) level surface; sea
agmen, agminis (n) marching line, column
comes, comitis (m) companion
facies, faciei (f) face
flamen, flaminis (m) priest
ignis, ignis (m) fire (i-stem) (igneous, ignition)
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, ill-will
lītus, lītoris (n) shore
luctus, -us (m) mourning, sorrow
mōs, mōris (m) custom (mos maiorum, mores)
mūs, mūris (m/f) a mouse (muscle)
mūnus, mūneris (n) gift, duty, service, games (munificent)
municipium, -ii (n) town
poena, -ae (f) punishment (subpoena, punitive)
rostrum, rostrī (n) beak of bird or ship
rostra, -ōrum (n. pl.) speaker’s platform
rūs, rūris (n) countryside (rural, rustic)
rūrī (locative)= in the countryside; rūs (acc.) - to the countryside; rūre (abl.) = from the countryside
tēlum, tēlī (n) weapon, spear
tumultus, -us (m) uproar, commotion (tumult)
vulnus, vulneris (n) wound (vulnerable)
vultus, vultūs (m) face, countenance
vulgus, -vulgī (n) mob (vulgar)
umerus, umerī (m) shoulder
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, someone, anyone, anything
aliquis, aliquid = quis, quid after nē, sī, nisi, num
quisque, quaeque, quidque - each one, each thing
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque - (indef. rel.), whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatsoever
aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, wounded
crudelis, crudele (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) cruel, bloody
felix, felicis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) happy, fortunate
ferox, ferocis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) savage, wild
imperītus, a, um - unskilled, ignorant
inscius, a, um - unaware
lēnis, lēne (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) smooth, relaxed, calm, gentle
levis, leve - light; floating
līber, lībera, līberum - free
mollis, molle - soft, effeminate (mollify)
pristinus, a, um - former, previous, old-fashioned (pristine)
posterus, a, um - next, following (posterity)
saucius, a, um - wounded
similis, simile (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) like, similar + genitive or dative
talis, tale (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) - such
tristis, triste - sad, grim
vetus, veteris (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) old (veteran)
vivus, a, um - alive
at or ast (adversative) but
autem (post positive) but, however
crās (adv.) tomorrow (procrastinate)
circā (prep. + acc.) around
dein or deinde - then, next
dum (+ indicative) while
dum (+ subjunctive) until
eō (adv.) to that place, there
eōdem (adv.) to the same place
ferē (adv.) generally, for the most part, usually
forte (adv.) by chance
item (adv.) in the same way, likewise
identidem (adv.) again and again
itaque (adv) and so, therefore
iterum (adv) again
iuxtā + acc, beside, next to
seu…seu or sive…sive - whether…or
quia (subordinating conj.) because
paulisper (adv.) for a little while
paulo - by a little
paulum - a little distance
paulatim (adv.) little by little
rursus (adv.) again
ultra (prep. + acc.) beyond
vix (adv.) barely, hardly
List for Pro Caelio, 450-520 & Lucretius, De Rerum Natura
conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectus - to complete, to finish off
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum - to try
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī -to be away, be absent; to fail, be wanting + dative case
doleō, dolēre - to suffer
dēficiō, dēficere, dēfēcī, dēfectus - to desert, leave, forsake, fail, be wanting, be exhausted, fail; give way, sink (deficient, defective, defect)
efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectus - to accomplish (effective, effect) + ut = substantive/noun clause
exorior, exorīrī, exortus sum - to rise out, to arise
fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsus - to pour (refuse, refund, infuse, effusive, diffuse, fundation, fundamental)
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitus - beget, bear, bring forth (pp., genitus, a, um, + abl. of source) - begotten of, born of (genital, congenital)
gubernō (1) to pilot, to control (gubernatorial, government)
incutiō, incutere, incussī, incussus - to strike, to dash
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī - to delight, to help
ludō, ludere - to play
labor, labī, lapsus sum - to slide, to glide, to slip (lapse, relapse, prolapse)
mutō (1) to change (mutation, immutable)
natō (1) to swim
niteō, nitēre, nituī - to shine (intransitive)
pangō, pangere, pepigī, pactus - to arrange, to compose
regō, regere, rexī, rectus - to guide, to rule, to direct
reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus - to find out, seek out, discover
rideō, ridēre, rīsī - to laugh, to smile (ridiculous, risible)
sapio, sapere, sapiī or sapīvī - to have sense, to know, to sense, to taste (sapient, homo sapiens)
sōpiō, sōpīre, sōpīvī or sōpiī, sōpītus - to put to sleep; pp. = sōpītus, a, um - lulled to sleep,
studeō, studēre, studuī - to be eager for, to support + dative
aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea
amnis, amnis (m) river
aura, aurae (f) breeze
auris, auris (f) ear (aural)
aurum, aurī (n) gold (AU)
disciplina, -ae (f) teaching, training (academic discipline)
cervīx, cervīcis (f) neck
convivium, conviviī (n) banquet, feast, dinner party
cursus, cursūs (m) a course, a running (discourse, cursūs honōrum)
causa, causae (f) cause, reason; case
causā + proceeding genitive = for the sake of
casus, casūs (m) a falling, chance, misfortune (cado, cadere)
casū = by chance
facultās, facultātis (f) opportunity, occasion
ius, iuris (n) law, right (jurisdiction, jurisprudence)
genetrix, genetrics (f) mother (Venus Genetrix worshipped in Caesar’s Forum)
genus, generis (n) class, race, kind (generic, genre, sui generis, genus)
genū, genūs (n) knee (genuflect)
gena, genae (f) the cheek
gremium, gremiī (n) lap
pecus, pecudis (f) herd
pectus, pectoris (n) chest
ludus, ludī (m) game; play; school
mōs, mōris (m) custom (mores, moral)
mūnus, mūneris (n) duty, service; gift (munificent, remuneration)
mūs, mūris, (m/f) a mouse (muscle)
quies, quietis (f) rest, quiet
salūs, salūtis (f) health, safety, salvation
speciēs, speciēī (f) appearance (species)
spiritus, spiritūs (m) breath (respiration, expire)
studium, studiī (n) eagerness; a pursuit, study
tellūs, tellūris (f) earth; mother earth
versus, versūs (m) verse
voluptas, voluptatis (f) pleasure; desire (voluptuary)
quisque, quaeque, quidque (indefinite) each one, each thing, each
almus, a, um - nurturing, kindly, nourishing
blandus, a, um - charming (blandishments)
infelix, infelicis - unfortunate, ill-fated
pristinus, a, um - former, characteristic (pristine)
suavis, suave - sweet, agreeable, pleasant (suave)
vernus, a, um - of spring, vernal (vernal equinox)
vicinus, a, um - neighboring (vicinity)
simul ac = as soon as
forte (adv.) by chance
ferē (adv.) generally
aliquō (adv.) to some place
quō? (adv.) where, to where
quia (conj) because
quid?, what?, why?
quārē - why?
quot? How many (number)
quantus, a, um - how great? what size? (magnitude)
qualis, quale (adj.) what sort?
quando? when? (time)
quis? quid? (interrogative pronoun) who? what?
quidem (post positive/adv) certainly, in fact, indeed
aliō (adv.) to another place
eō (adv. ) to that place, there
prope (adv.) nearly
vicissim (adv.) in turn
vix (adv.) scarcely, barely, hardly
PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 416-450
Be able to decline: ista infelix rēgīna or hic līber liber
Verb Game on: loquor or pello or eō, īre
arbitror, arbitārī, arbitrātus sum - to judge, to consider (arbiter bibendi, arbitration)
ardeō, ardēre, arsī, arsus - to burn, to be inflamed, to be passionate (ardent, arson, arsonist)
devinciō, devincīre, devinxī, devinctum - to tie up, bind; lay under obligation
calcitro (1) to strike with heals, to kick (recalcitrant)
confīdo, confīdere, confisus sum (semi-deponent, like audeo, soleo, gaudeo) to trust in, be confident in + dative case or accusative subjunctive + infinitive (confidant, confident)
credō, credere, credidī, creditus - to belive, to trust + dative case
dīluo, dīluere, dīluī, dīlūtum - to wash away; remove (dilution)
doleō, dolēre - to suffer, to suffer pain
expōnō, exponere, exposuī, expositus - to place out, expose, explain (exposed, exponent, exposition)
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to confess, acknowledge (also: profiteor, confiteor)
gradior, gradī, gressus sum - to walk, to go (grade, gradual, graduation)
iactō (1) to toss about (frequentive form of iacio, iacere)
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak
metuō, metuere, metui - to fear
miror, mirārī, mirātus sum - to wonder, be amazed (miracle)
mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus sum - to labour at, to construct, build (mōlēs, mōlis f. - mass, burden)
natō (1) to swim (Spanish; nadar)
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born + abl. of source/origin
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, endure, allow + acc. + inf. (patient, passive)
pateō, patēre, patuī - to be open, to lie open (patent)
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to drive (repel, repulsive)
pervulgō (1) to publish, make common, prostitute one’s self
probō (1) test, try, prove, inspect, examine, approve, validate (head verb) (probe, probation, probate, approve)
putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus - to think (dispute, computer)
reperiō, reperere, reperī, repertus - to discover
repellō, repellere, repulī, repulsus - drive back, repulse
rumpō, rumpere, rupī, ruptus - to break, to burst (rupture)
sequor, sequī, secutus sum - to follow (consecutive, sequence; non sequitur)
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - take, take up, assume (assumption, presumption)
trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus - to hand over, to surrender (trade, tradition)
trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractus - to drag, to pull (detractor)
vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear + ut/ne + subjunctive
oportet, oportēre - it is necessary, it is proper + ut/ne + subjunctive (noun clause) or acc. + inf.
necesse est + ut/ne + subjunctive (noun clause) or acc. + inf.
aedēs, aedis (f) temple
aedēs, aedium (f. pl.) palace, dwelling place
amnis, amnis (m) river
cor, cordis (n) heart (discord, concord)
fāma, fāmae (f) rumor, reputation, report
famēs, famis (f) hunger (famine; tango hambre)
foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract, agreement (federal, federalism)
foris, foris (f) door (generally in plural - double doors)
ianua, -ae (f) door (janitor, Janus)
hortus, hortī (m) garden (horticulture)
iuventus, -ūs (m) youth
gravitas, gravitatis (f) weight, seriousness, dignity
liber, librī (m) book (ex lībrīs)
metus, metūs (m) fear (Metus Gallicus - fear of Gauls)
mēns, mentis (f) mind, intention (mens rea, mens sana in corpore sana)
mensis, mensis (m) month
mensa, mensa (f) table (prīma mensa = first course)
mōs, mōris (m) custom, habit (mos maiorum; mores)
ratiō, rationis (f) a reckoning, accounting, reasoning; method (ratio, rational)
senex, senis (m) old man (senile)
signum, signī (n) sign, signal; battle standard
studium, studiī (n) pursuit, eagerness, training, study
vestis vestis (f) clothing, garment
vestigium, -iī (n) trace; footprint (vestigial, vestiges)
vitium, vitiī (n) vice
vīta, -ae (f) life (vital)
voluptās, voluptātis (f) pleasure (voluptuary)
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) - anyone, anything, someone, something
quisquam quaequam, quidquam, or quicquam: (indef. pron. subst.) - anyone, any, anything (in negative sentences, freq.)
agrestis, agreste - rustic, of the countryside
alienus, a, um - of another, belonging to another, foreign (aes alienum = debt)
clārus, a, um - bright; famous, illustrious
dūrus, a, um - hard, harsh
dubius, a, um - doubtful, dubious
foedus, a, um - foul, vile, polluted
ferreus, a, um - made of iron (FE)
effrēnatus, a, um - unbridled, unrestrained
infelix, infelicis (adj. one termination) unhappy, ill-fated (felix, felicis - happy, lucky, fortunate)
inanis, inane - empty, void (inane)
iniquus, -a, -um - unequal, unfair, unjust; hostile (in + aequus, a, um)
līber, lībera, līberum - free
līberī, līberōrum (m. pl.) children
molestus, a, um - bothersome, annoying
mollis, molle - soft (opposite durus, a, um)
parcus, a, um - frugal, stingy
praeceps, praecipitis (adj.) plunging head long, impetuous, rash
vērus, a, um - true
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque - whoever, whatever (indefinite adj.)
scelestus, a, um - wicked, evil
severus, a, um - stern, severe
talis, tale - such
tristis, triste - sad, bitter
ultimus, a, um - far, distant; final (ultima, ultimatum, ultimate)
autem (postpositive) however, moreover
demum (adv.) at last, finally
deinde (adv.) then; from that point
forte (adv.) by change
igitur (postpositive) therefore
propter (prep. + acc.) on account of, because of (post hoc ergo propter hoc - "after this, therefore because of this")
praesertim (adv.) especially
potissimum (superlative adv.) especially, chiefly
potius quam = more than
plurimum (superlative adv.) the most
ob (prep. + acc.) on account of, because of
obviam īre = to meet + dative case
tam (adv) so
tamen (adv) nevertheless, however
tamquam (adv) just as, as if
tandem (adv) at last, finally
tantum (adv.) only
tot (indecl) so many
trans + acc, across
tum (adv) then
tunc (adv.) then, at that time
ubi (adv) where, in what place
ubi (conj) when
umquam (adv) ever
unde (adv) whence, from where
usquam (adv) ever
usque (adv) as far as, continuously, all the way
ut/utī (sub.conj.) + indicative = as, just as, when; + subjunctive = that, in order that
ut? (interrogative adv.) how?
valdē (adv.) strongly, very much
vel (conj) or; even
vērō (postpositive) indeed, truly, in fact
vērum (adversative conj.) but
vērē (adv.) truly
vel . . . vel, either or
velut (adv) just as, even as
vix (adv) scarcely, hardly
PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 385-415
Stop after correlative list at the inscription of Appius Claudius Caecus. See his road above.
Be able to decline istud grave foedus and idem celer pes
Verb game on: progredior, progredī, progressus sum or cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus
admoneo, admonere, admonui, admonitus - to warn, to advise (admonish, admonition)
celebro (1) to frequent (a place) (celebrity, celebration)
complector, complecti, complexus sum - to embrace (complex)
commodo (1) to furnish, to supply
comito (1) to accompany, go along
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus - to compel; to bring together
detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractus - to drag down, pull down (detractor)
dirimo, dirimere, diremi, diremptus - to separate, to divide; to rip up; to destroy
excito (1) call forth, arouse, stir up
ferio, ferire - to strike
foedus ferire - to strike an agreement
fero, ferre, tuli, latus - to bear, to bring, to endure
icio, icere, ici, ictus - to hit, strike (ictus)
licet, licēre, licuit (impersonal verb + dative) it is permitted
maculo, maculare, maculavi, maculatus - to stain (immaculate, macular)
malo, malle, malui - to prefer (magis + volo)
mereō, merēre, meruī, meritus - to earn, to gain; to deserve (merit, meretricious, demerit)
munio (4) to build; to construct; to fortify
nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptus - to cover, to veil; to marry (nubile)
pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative case
pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce (postpartum)
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus)
postulo (1) to demand
probo (1) to prove, test, approve (probation)
progredior, progredī, progressus sum - to go foward, to procede (progress, progression)
pudet, pudere (impersonal) it causes an accusative (person) shame of a genitive (thing) or infinitive. Pudet me erroris mei = I am ashamed of my mistake.
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum - to seek; to inquire, to ask
removeō, removēre, removī, remotus - to remove (remote)
repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum - to seek back; recall
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - to take up, to assume (assumption, consumption)
tueor, tuerī, tutus sum - to protect, to watch over (tutor)
utor, uti, usus sum - to use, to employ + ablative case
vendo, vendere - to sell
adventus, adventūs (m) arrival (advent)
amor, amoris (m) love; love affair (amorous)
avis, avis (m/f) bird (avis avi = grandfather’s bird; avus avis = the bird’s grandfather)
avus, avī (m) grandfather, ancestor (avuncular)
barba, barbae (f) beard
caput, capitis (n) head (decapitation, capital punishment)
currus, -us (m) chariot, triumphal chariot
dolor, doloris (m) - pain, anguish, suffering
foedus, foederis (n) agreement, treaty, contract (federal, federation)
fons, fontis (m) spring, fountain (font)
gloria, gloriae (f) reputation, renown
imago, imaginis (f) image, likeness; wax death mask, portrait
limen, liminis (n) threshold, doorway (liminal)
mos, moris (m) costum (mores, mos maiorum - custom of ancestors)
mulier, mulieris (f) woman (sp. mujer)
odium, odiī (n) hatred (odious)
persona, -ae (f) mask; character; personality
pes, pedis (m) foot; step (pedometer, pedestrian)
progenies, progeniei (f) offspring, descendent
temeritas, temeritatis (f) chance, accident, rashness
testis, testis (m) witness (testify, testimony, testicles)
vitium, vitiī (n) vices
vīta, vītae (f) life (curriculum vitae = CV)
venenum, venenī (n) poison
alienus, a, um - belonging to another (alien, resident alien)
aliquot (indecl. indefinite adj.) some (number), several
aeger, aergra, aegrum - sick, weak, wounded
aemulus, a ,um - rivalling; as substantive = a rival (emulate)
amplus, a, um - large, spacious, ample
barbatus, a, um - bearded, wearing a beard
cognatus, a, um - related, kindred (cognate vs. derivative)
clarus, a, um - clear, illustrious, bright; distinguished
dignus, a, um - worthy of + ablative case
indignus, a, um - unworthy of + ablative case
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
inferus, a, um - lower, below, infernal (infernal)
inimīcus, a, um - hostile (inimical) + dative
horridus, a, um - rough, bristling; terrifying
muliebris, -e - of a mulier, mulieris (f)
priscus, a, um - old, ancient (Tarquinius Priscus)
saucius, a, um - wounded
urbanus, a, um - of the city; refined, elegant, polite (urbane)
aliquis, aliquid - anyone, someone, anything, something
quisque, quidque - everyone, everything
quīdem, quaedam, quoddam (indef. adj.) a certain, some
opus est + ablative = there is a need of ___________.
aliquanto - by somewhat, somewhat (abl. degree of difference)
clam (adv.) secretly
cotidie (adv.) daily, every day
cum…tum (correlative conj.) both…and; not only…but also
ne...quidem = not even
quamdiu - as long as, however long
quidem (postpositive) indeed, infact
magis quam - rather than
mininē (superlative adv.) the least, not at all
minus (adv.) less
minus (substantive nound) less (minus amoris = less of love)
minus quam = less than
palam (adv.) openly, publicly
potius quam = rather than
potissimum (superlative adv.) especially
prope (adv.) nearly
simul (adv.) at the same time together
usque (adv.) as far as one can go, all the way
satis or sat (indecl. adj. or adv.) enough, sufficiently
an (interrogative) whether
untrum…an (interrogative) whether … or
dēmum - at length, at last precisely
eiusmodi = of such a kind
haud (adv.) no, in no way
itaque (adv.) and so
omnino (adv.) entirely
quidem (adv.) indeed
paulo (adv.) by a little
paulum (adv.) a litte distance
paulātim (adv.) little by little
utinam (introduces a volitive/optative subjunctive) - would that
correlative conjunctions:
ita/sic . . . ut - just/in the same way . . . as
simul . . . ac/atque/ut . . . as soon as
talis . . . qualis - such (. . .) as
tam . . . quam - as/so . . . as; (both . . . and)
tantus, -a, -um . . . quantus, -a, -um - as much/great . . . as
tanto (+ comparative) . . . quanto (+ comp.) - the _____er . . .the _____er
(ab. of degree of difference)
tot . . . quot - as many . . . as
totiens . . . quotiens - as often as . . . (so often)
alius/aliter . . . ac/atque - different(ly)/otherwise . . . from/than
cum . . . tum - both . . . and (especially); (not only . . . but also)
List for the exordium of the Pro Caelio
Be able to decline: opus acre and ops nulla as part of this quiz. Expect a verb game on back of the quiz on dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus or patior, patī, passus sum
adsum, adesse, adfuī - to be present
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, constituī, constitūtus - to establish, put in place
dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus - to lead
dubitō (1) to doubt, to be uncertain
ignoscō, ignoscere, ignovī, ignotum - to pardon + dative case
improbō (1) to disapprove, condemn
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
miror, mirārī, mirātus sum - to wonder or marvel at
nitor,, nitī, nisus or nixus sum - to rely on + ABLATIVE CASE
probō (1) to approve, to prove (probate, probation)
oppugnō (1) to attack
obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessus - to besiege, to blockade (obsession)
oportet, oportēre, oportui (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure; to allow (passive, patient)
pateō, patēre, patuī - to be open, to lie open (intransitive verb)
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit - it causes one regret + acc. + inf. or + acc. of person and genitive of thing regretted e.g. paenitet tē tuōrum facinorum - it cause you regret of your crimes = you regret your crimes.
studeō, studēre, studuī (+ dative) to be eager for, support, to favour
tueor, tuērī, tutus sum - to protect, watch over, look at, to keep (tutor)
utor, utī, usus sum + abl. case= to use, to enjoy, to employ (abuse)
vivo, vivere, vixi - to live, to be; to act (vivacious)
versō (1) to turn over and over; to engage in
aetās, aetātis (f) age, time of life; youth
aestās, aestātis (f) summer (estival)
causa, -ae (f) reason, cause; case
crīmen, crīminis (n) charge (not a crime)
cīvitās, cīvitātis (f) state, nation
facinus, facinoris (n) deed; crime
gratia, -ae (f) charm, influence (ingratiate)
iudicium, iudiciī (n) court, trial, judgment
lex, lēgis (f) law
ludus, ludī (m) game, games
negotium, -iī (n) business, legal work
odium, odiī (n) hatred, hate
otium, otiī (n) leisure
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence (opulent)
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour (magnum opus)
pietās, pietātis (f) devotion to father/family, gods and fatherland
spes, speī (f) hope, expectation, ambition
vīs, vis (f) force, violence; strength (in the plural) lex dē vī
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam/quidquam (indef. pron.) - someone, anyone
quisque, quidque - each one, each thing (cuique suum redde)
uter, utra, utrum? (interrogative pron.) which of two?
ācer, ācris, ācre - sharp, fierce, bitter, harsh
acerbus, a, um - bitter, hostile
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
inlustris, inlustre - bright, clear, eminent
festus, a, um - of a holiday
forensis, forense - of the forum, legal
tantus, a, um - so great
cotidie - daily, on any day
forte (adv.) by chance
nōn modo…sed etiam - not only …but also
nec (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
neque (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
ne…quidem - not even
nimis (adv.) too much, excessive
quīn (conj.) that- generally following negative verbs or words of doubt
tam..quam (correlative) - as…as
tauntus…quantus (correlative) - as great…as
tot…quot (correlative) as many…as
vel… vel (conjunction) either..or
List for Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
abrogo (1) - repeal, take away, remove (abrogate)
accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus - to receive, to take
armo (1) to arm (armatus, a, um = armed)
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, a, um - to guard against; beware of (Cave canem, Caveat Emptor, caution)
cieo, ciere, civi, citus, a, um - to move, stir, agitate
constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus, a, um - set up
excido, excidere - to destroy
fero, ferre, tuli, latus - to bring, to bear (forms many compound verbs)
icio, icere, ici, ictus - to hit, strike (ictus)
iudico (1) - to judge, to decide, to declare
incito (1) - to urge, put in montion, incite
ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum - to enter
interimo, interimere, interemi - to destroy, to kill, to take away
iugulo (1) to cut the throat, to kill, to strangle (jugular)
occīdo, occīdere, occīdi, occīsus - to kill (ob + caedere)
occupo (1) to seize
peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek (petition), petere ab + abl = to ask
rependo, rependere, rependi, repensus - to weigh again; ransom, repay
succurro, succurrere, succurri succursus, a, um + dative - to aid
sustento (1) to hold off, hinder
veto, vetare, vetui - to forbid
vindico (1) to avenge
animus, -i (m) mind, spirit (animus)
causa, -ae (f) case; cause; reason
collega, -ae (m) colleague
cupiditas, cupiditatis (f) desire
crudelitas, crudelitatis (f) cruelty
cervix, cervicis (f) neck, nape of the neck
dominus, -i (m) master
eloquentia, -ae (f) eloquence
eques, equitis (m) equites, knights (Rome’s non-patrician aristocracy)
error, erroris (m) wandering, mistake; wandering from the correct path
exemplum, -i (n) example, a sample, model (e.g. = exemplī gratiā)
frumentum, -i (n) grain, grain supply
furor, furoris (m) rage, madness (an important Roman political word)
iudicium, -ii (n) court, judgment
mora, more (f) delay
mors, mortis (f) death
mos, moris (m) manner, custom (mores)
mos maiorum - custom of ancestors
quies, quietis (f) rest, peace, quiet
plebs, plebis (f) Roman Plebs, common people
potentia, -ae (f) power
princeps, principis (m) leader, chief (princeps senātus)
status, -ūs (m) state, position, condition
virtus, virtutis (f) courage; virtue
acer, acris, arce - bitter, fierce; controversial
allius, alia, aliud - other
amplus, a, um -large, ample, full
consularis, -e of consular rank
deinde (adv.) next, then
fraternus, a, um - of a brother, brother’s
mirus, a, um - miraculous, incredible
praestantior, praestantius (comp. adj.) outstanding
pravus, a, um - deformed, perverse, depraved
privatus, a, um - private (opposite of “publicus”)
summus, a, um - highest
quisquam, quidquam (indefinite pron.) - any
quisque, quidque (indefinite pron.) each one, each thing
gratiā or causā + preceding genitive case = for the sake of
quīn (conj.)- that; but indeed, rather;
aeque (adv.) equally, justly
aliquando (adv.) at any time, once
aliquot (adj. indecl.) some number of, a few
adversus (prep + acc.) against
nefariē (adv.) impiously, abominably, unspeakable
denique (adv.) at last, finally
paene (adv.) almost, nearly
plus (comp. adv. or substantive) more
minus (comp. adv. or substantive) less
Imperium Roman in the 3rd Century BC - List for quiz.
adsumo, adsumere, adsumpsi, adsumptus - taken up, adopt, to claim
affero, afferre, attuli, allātus - to bring to, to report
apello (1) to name, to call (copulative in passive) See Favale, the expert on copulative verbs.
coepi, coepisse, coeptus (defect verb - no present system) to begin + complementary infinitive
credo, credere, credidi, creditus - to believe, to trust + dative or acc. + inf.
creo, creare, creavi, creatus - to elect, to appoint, to create (copulative in passive)
decedo, decedere, decessi, decessus - to depart, to leave; to perish
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus - to destroy
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus - to break, to destory, to subdue
fundo, fundere, fūdi, fūsus - to pour; to slay; to slaughter
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus - to wage; to manage
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus - give birth to, to produce; be born
incipio, incipere - to begin
infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus - to bring in or against; to inflict upon (inferre bellum + dative = to wage war on )
invideo, invidere, invidi, invisus - to hate, to be jealous of
peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek
pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictus - to paint (depict)
praecedo, praecedere, praecessi, praecessus - to go before, precede
praedico, praedicere, praedixi, praedictus - to say beforehand
praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus - to carry in front; to display; to perfer
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus - to think, perceive, to feel
statuo (1) to decide
simulo (1) to fain, to pretend
sto, stare, steti, statūrus - to stand, to remain
supero (1) to conquer, to surpass
tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - to remove, lift, take away; destroy
vinco, vincere, vici, victus - to conquer
volo, velle, volui - to wish
acies, aciei (f) line, edge; battle line; battle
aemula, -ae (f) rival
arma, -orum (n. pl.) arms, weapons
avus, -i (m) grandfather
auctor, auctoris (m) author, instigator
civitas, civitatis (f) state, city, citizen body
clementia, -ae (f) mercy, clemency
consul, consulis (m) consul
contumelia, -ae (f) insults, indignity, abuse
currus, -us (m) chariot
custodia, -ae (f) custody
finis, finis (m or f) end, limit (infinitive)
insignis, insignis (f) trappings, markings
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, envy, jealousy
ingenium, -ii (n) innate ability, genius, intellect
mendacium, -ii (n) falsehood, pretense (mendacity)
monimentum, -i (n) reminder, monument
noxia, -ae (f) crime
origo, originis (f) origin, source
pars, partis (f) part, side, direction
poena, -ae (f) punish (dare poenas = to pay the penalty or to be punished) (subpoena)
regnum, -i (n) kingship,
saeculum, -i (n) age; period of time
signum, signī (n) sign, signal, battle standard; statue; image
stirps, stirpis (f) lineage, stock
studium, -ii (n) zeal, pursuit; learning
senatus, -us (m) senate
tabula, -ae (f) document; placard
temeritās, temeritātis (f) rashness
triumphus, -i (m) triumphal procession, victory parade
virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour
vis, vis (f) force, power, vigor; in plural = strength
(vis, vis, vi, vim vi, vires, virium viribus, vires, viribus)
brevis, -breve - short, brief
gravis, grave - serious, heavy
immanis, -e - huge, vast, immense
invisus, a, um - hateful to + dative case
līber, lībera, līberum - free
maior, maius (greater, larger, older)
paternus, a, um - paternal, fatherly
praeclarus, a, um - illustrious
prior, prius - earlier, former, previous
securus, a, um - secure, safe, free from care
tūtus, a, um - safer
universus, a, um - all, entire, the whole
ultimus, a, um - last, furtherest, most remote; worst
quisquid, quidquid (indefinite pronoun) whoever, whatever
ac (coordinating conj.= atque) and (like et)
abhinc - from this time, from his place
aut…aut - either… or
deinde (adv.) then, next
quia (subordinating conj.) because
quippe (adv.) of course, obviously
magis (comparative adv.) more, rather
maxime (adv.) especially, the most, chiefly
neque - nor; and not, neither
usquam (adv.) - in any place, anywhere
for Eclogue One and other things
(re) cubo, cubāre, cubuī, cubitus,- to recline, to relax, go to bed, recline at dinner
mīrōr, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder at, marvel
cano, canere, cecinī, cantum - to sing
cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētus - to separate; distinguish by senses; perceive; discern
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to admit, to confess
invideō, invidēre - to envy
labor, labī, lapsus sum - to slip, to slide
memini, meminisse (defective verb- look up its paradigm) - to remember
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born (neonatal)
nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum - to obtain
oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblitus sum - to forget + genitive case (oblivious)
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to strike, drive
pendeō, pendēre, pependī, pensus - to hang (pendent)
prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, prōditus - to hand over, betray
potior, potīrī, potitus sum - to get possession of + genitive or ablative case
patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure; to allow
resonō, resonāre - to echo (resonate)
respicio, respicere, respexi, respectus - to look back at
relinquō, relinquere, reliquī, relictus, a, um -to leave behind (relinquish)
rideo, ridere, risi, risus - to laugh
soleō, solēre, solitus sum -to be accustomed + infinitive (como di solito)
suadeo, suadere - to urge
aes, aeris (n) bronze
agnus, agnī (m) lamb (agnus dei)
arvum, arvī (n) plowed fields
lac, lactis (n) milk (Madonna Lactans)
fons, fontis (m) spring, fountain
frigus, frigoris (n) cold
grex, gregis (m) a flock (egregious, gregarious)
iuvenis, iuvenis (m) youth
otium, otiī (n) leisure, free time, holiday
rupes, rupis (f) cliff, outcrop; bank
spēs, speī (m) hope
umbra, -ae (f) shade, shadow; ghost, shade in underworld
aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak, ill, suffering
agrestis, agreste - rustic
iners, inertis (ad.) inactive, lazy, immobile; without skill
mollis, molle - soft (mollify)
lentus, a, um - slow, calm
maestus, a, um - sad
serus, a, um - late (buona sera)
stultus, a, um - foolish, stupid
tenuis, tenue - slender, thin; refined (tenuous) VERY IMPORTANT WORD
modo (adv.) recently, just now
quot? (interrogative adj.) how many?
postquam (subordinating conjunction) after
posteā (adv.) afterward
post (prep. + acc.) after
tantus, a, um…quantus, a, um (correlatives rabbits) as great as; as much as
undique (adv) from or on all sides
usque (adv.) continuously, without interruption
Vocabulary List for Cicero, Philippics
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessus - to approach (ad + cedo, cedere)
ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsus - to burn
cohibeō, cohibēre, cohibuī, -itus - to hold together, restrain, confine, check, curb, repress,
cogito (1) to think, to reason, to plan
conloco (1) to bring together, to set in order; invest
constat (constabat, constabit, etc.) - it is settled, established, undisputed, certain, well known, etc.),
debeo, debere, debui, debitus - ought + infintive
ecfundo, ecfundere, ecfudi, ecfusus - to pour out, to lavish
fio, fieri, factus sum - to happen, to become
imbuo, imbuere, imbui, imbutus - to make wet
intelligo, intelligere, intellexi, intellectus - to understand
inter-eō, -īre -iī, -itūrus, (perf.interīsse, C.), to go among, be lost
imbuō, imbuere, imbuī, imbūtus - to wet, moisten; stain,
iugulo (1) to strangle
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus - to order
minor (1) to threaten
opto (1) to wish, to pray
parco, parcere, peperci (+ dative) to spare
praetereo, praeterire - to go by, to pass by
propulso (1) beat back
postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatus - demand, claim; require; ask/pray for
respergo, respergere, respersi, respersum - to sprinkling
trucido (1) to slaughter
utor, uti, usus sum - to use, to employ (+ abl. case)
animus, -i (m) mind, spirit, heart
auctoritas, auctoritatis (f) authority, personal power, influence
consilium, -ii (n) plan, strategy, advice
copia, -ae (f) troops, forces, resources
crudelitas, crudelitatis (f) cruelty
exercitus, -ūs (m) army
furor, furoris (m) madness, passion
gratia, -ae (f) thanks, influence, charm
genus, generis (n) kind, class
hospes, hospitis (m) - one who either gives or receives the entertainment of a guest; a guest
impetus, -ūs (m) attack
mens, mentis (f) mind, intension
patrimonium, -ii (n) inheritance
pestis, pestis (f) plague, disease
pes, pedis (m) foot
reditus, -ūs (m) return (re-eo)
salus, salutis (f) health, safety, salvation
scelus, sceleris (n) wickness, bad deed
tectum, -i (n) roof, building
crudelis, crudele - cruel, savage, blood thirsty
firmus, a, um - strong, solid
ignarus, a, um (+ gen.) unaware, ignorant of
iratus, a, um - angry
nefarius, -a, um - wicked, evil
pestifer, pestifera, pestiferum - pestilential; destructive
privatus, a, m - private
publicus, a, um - official, public
dum (subordinating conj.) + indicative = while
dum (subordinating conj.) + subjunctive = until
deinde - afterwards, then, next
hūc - to this place
hinc - from this place
hīc - in this place, here
interim - in the meantime
interea (adv.) meanwhile
iterum (adv.) again
inde - from that place, thence
unde - from where, whence
aliter (adv.) otherwise
fundĭtus (adv.) from the very bottom, from the foundation
maximē (adv.) especially
magis (comp. adv.) more
omnīno (adv.) - wholly, entirely, altogether,
paene (adv.) almost
potius (comp. adv.) more, rather
quamquam (adv.) although
quia (subordinating conj.) because
tandem (adv. ) at last, finally
quo…usque = How long? To what extent?
Vocabulary List for Suetonius’ Account of Caesar’s Death from De Vita Caesarum
adripio, adripere, adripui, arreptus - to seize, grasp
adsideo, adsidere - to sit near
animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus - to notice
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum (+ dative case) - to approach
cado, cadere, cecidī, casurus - to fall
clamo (1) to shout
conor, conārī, conātus sum - to try
conspiro (1) to conspire
dependeo, dependēre - to hang down
differo, differre, distuli, dīlatum - to scatter about , to put off
irruo, irruere - to rush in (in + ruo, ruere)
obvolvo, obvolvere - to wrap up, to cover
occīdo, occīdere, occīdi, occīsus - to kill
publico (1) to make public, confiscate
prosilio, prosilīre -- to leap forth
rogo, rogāre (1) to ask
reperio, reperīre, repperī, repertus - to ascertain, to discover
stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictus - to draw
suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus - to undertake, to begin
tardo (1) to slow
trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus - hand down
traicio, traicere - to pierce
velo (1) to cover
vulnero (1) to wound
Deponent Verbs that Govern the Ablative Case as Direct Objective
ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum + ablative - to use, to employ, to enjoy (use)
abutor, abuti, abusus sum - to abuse + ablative
fruor, fruī, fructus sum - to enjoy + ablative
fungor, fungī, functus sum - to perform + ablative (function)
potior, potīrī, potītus sum - to gain possession of + ablative or genitive case
nītor, nītī, nīsus sum - to lean or rest upon, to strive, to rely on + ablative
vescor, vescī - to feed on + ablative
animus, -i (m) mind, intention
bracchium, -ii (n) arm
crus, cruris (n) shin, leg
eques, equitis (m) cavalry, horseman
graphium, -i (n) stilus, sharply pointed instrument for writing
gemitus, -ūs (m) groan
gestus, -ūs (m) gesture, posture
ictus, ictūs (m) a blow, striking
iugulum, -i (n) throat
medicus, -i (m) doctor
metus, -ūs (m) fear
officium, -iī (n) duty, business
plaga, -ae (f) blow, wound
pugio, pugionis (m) dagger
pars, partis (f) part side, direction, role, party
servolus,-i (m) diminutive of servus, -i (m)
sinus, ūs (m) fold (in a toga); lap; bosom; bay
speciēs, specieī (f) appearance, pretext
umerus, -i (m) shoulder
vis, vis (f) violence, force
adversus, a, um - turned toward, facing
aversus, a, um - turned away (here: from the back)
cunctus, a, um - all
exanimis, -e - lifeless
honestus, a, um - respectable, honorable
imus, a, um - lowest
inferior, inferius - lower
uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm) - each (of two)
uter?, utra?, utrum? (-ius paradigm) - which one (of two)?
aliquamdiu = for some time
donec = until
etsi (conj.) even if, although
ilico (adv.) immediately, on the spot
infra + acc. = below
propius (comp. adv) nearer, closer
quasi = as if
undique (adv.) on all sides, from all sides
Vocabulary List for Ecce Romani Chapter 59-61
Be able to decline: haec acies inermis or ille impetus infestus or hoc grave cornū
abūtor, abūtī, abūsus sum - to abuse, misuse + ablative case (ab + utor)
accidit - it happens + ut + subjunctive (noun clause)
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum - to rise up against, to attack (ad + orior)
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus (intransitive) - to fall
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesus - to cut down, slaughter, to kill
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus - to give away; yield
cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus sum - to exhort, to encourage
cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus - to trust in, rely on + dative case or indirect statement
dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī - to jump down, to leap down
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī - to be lacking + dative case
diffīdō, diffīdere, diffīsus - to have no confidence in + dative case
excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessus - to depart, withdraw
impero, imperāre, imperavi, imperatus - to command + dative case
intercludo, intercludere, interclusi, interclusus - to cut off
instō, instāre, institī - press on, attack
mereor, mereri, meritus um - to earn, to deserve
moror, morārī, moratus sum - to delay
morior, morī, mortuus sum - to die (mortuary)
nitor, nitī, nisus sum + abl. - to strive, rely on
orior, orīrī, ortus sum - to rise, to arise (oriental)
oportet, oportēre, oportuit - it is necessary + acc. + inf. or ut + subjunctive (noun clause)
proficiscor, proficiscī, profectus sum - to set out, to depart
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī - to help, to profit + dative case
sequor, sequī, secūtus sum - to follow (sequencial)
succurrō, succurrere, succurrī, succursūrus - to help, assit + dative case (succor)
soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to
supersum, superesse, superfuī - to be left, be remaining
superō (1) to defeat, surpass, conquer
vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be afraid + ut/ne (fearing clause)
aciēs, aciēī (f) battle line, battle; edge; sight (triplex acies)
anima, anima (f) soul, darling
caedēs, caedis (f) murder, slaughter
calceus, -ī (m) shoe
cornū, cornūs (n) horn; wing of an army
dignitas, dignitatis (f) prestige, reputation
facinus, facinoris (n) crime
furor, furōris (m) rage, madness
impetus, impetūs (m) attack
impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum (neut. pl.) baggage
insidiae, insidiārum (fem. pl.) ambush
initium, initiī (n) beginning
latus, lateris (n) side, flank
officium officiī (n) duty; service
ops, opis (f) aid, help; resources
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour
ōrdō, ōrdinis (m) class; order, rank
pars, partis (f) side, direction; part; faction
pīlum, pīlī (n) spear, javelin
praesidium, -iī (n) guard; protection
spatium, -iī - space, interval of time
tēlum, tēlī (n) weapon; spear
apertus, a, um - open
impedītus, a, um - loaded down, burdened
inermis, -is, -e unarmed
incolumis, incolume (adj.), uninjured; unharmed, safe
infestus, a, um - hostile
perītus, a, um - skilled at + genitive case
praesēns, praesentis (adj.) present, at hand
sollemnis, -is, -e - customary, traditional
equidem (adv.) certainly
istīc (adv.) over there
magnopere (adv.) greatly, seriously
paulātim (adv.) little by little
prīdiē (adv.) on the day before
prōtinus (adv) immediately
quoad (adv.) until, as long as, as far as
Subordinating Conjunctions
(indicative mood vs. subjunctive mood)
quod (+ indicative) - because
quia (+ indicative) - because
quoad + subjunctive - as long as
cum - when (temporal clause + indicative mood)
cum - when (circumstantial clause + subjunctive mood)
cum - since/because (causal clause + subjunctive mood)
cum - although (concessive clause + subjunctive mood)
sī - if
nisi - unless, if…not; except
dum (+ indicative) while
dum (+ subjunctive) until
ut + indicative mood = as, when
ut ante - as before
ut fit - as it happens, as usually
ut factum est - as it happened
ut bene scis - as you know well
ut fama est - as the story is
ut traditur - as it is handed down
ut traditum est - as it has been handed down
ut soleō - as I am accustomed
ut solēbat - as he was accustomed
ut + subjunctive = in order that (purpose clause)
ut + subjunctive = that (substantive/noun clause or result clause)
Ecce Romani III, Chapter 58 & 59 - Murder of Clodius on the Via Appia
arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think
augeo, augere, auxi, auctus - to increase (augmentation, augment)
alloquor, alloqui, allocutus sum - to address (allocution)
complector, complectī, complexus sum - to embrace
confluo, confluere, confluxi - to flow together (confluence)
impero (1) to command + dative of person
intelligo, intelligere, intellexi, intellectus - to realize, to learn
iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus - to join (conjunction, conjugal)
lateo, latere, latui (intransitive verb) - to hide (latent)
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder, to be amazed (miracle)
nuntiō (1) to announce
occīdo, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus - to kill (ob + caedo)
occido, occidere, occidī, occāsus - to fall, to set (occident, occasion) (ob + cado)
occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursus - to meet + dative case (ob + curro)
orior, orīrī, ortus sum - to arise (orient, oriental)
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum - to attack, to rise against
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus - to show (ostensible, ostentation)
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out, to depart
regredior, regredi, regressus sum - to go back, to step back (regression)
rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus - to burst, to break (rupture)
sequor, sequi, secutus sum - to follow (segue, consecutive)
tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctus - to touch (tangent, tactile)
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - to lift, to raise; to raze, to destroy
vīvō, vīvere, vīxī - to live, to be alive; to be
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry (convey, convention)
aequor, aequoris (n) level surface; sea
agmen, agminis (n) marching line, column
comes, comitis (m) companion
flamen, flaminis (m) priest
ignis, ignis (m) fire (i-stem) (igneous, ignition)
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, ill-will
lītus, lītoris (n) shore
luctus, -us (m) mourning, sorrow
mōs, mōris (m) custom (mos maiorum, mores)
mūs, mūris (m/f) a mouse (muscle)
mūnus, mūneris (n) gift, duty, service, games (munificent)
municipium, -ii (n) town
poena, -ae (f) punishment (subpoena, punitive)
rostrum, rostrī (n) beak of bird or ship
rostra, -ōrum (n. pl.) speaker’s platform
rūs, rūris (n) countryside (rural, rustic)
rūrī (locative)= in the countryside; rūs (acc.) - to the countryside; rūre (abl.) = from the countryside
tēlum, tēlī (n) weapon, spear
tumultus, -us (m) uproar, commotion (tumult)
vulnus, vulneris (n) wound (vulnerable)
vulgus, -vulgī (n) mob (vulgar)
umerus, umerī (m) shoulder
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, someone, anyone, anything
aliquis, aliquid = quis, quid after nē, sī, nisi
quisque, quaeque, quidque - each one, each thing
quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque - (indef. rel.), whoever, whatever, whosoever, whatsoever
aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, wounded
crudelis, crudele (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) cruel, bloody
felix, felicis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) happy, fortunate
ferox, ferocis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) savage, wild
imperītus, a, um - unskilled, ignorant
inscius, a, um - unaware
lēnis, lēne (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) smooth, relaxed, calm, gentle
levis, leve - light; floating
līber, lībera, līberum - free
mollis, molle - soft, effeminate (mollify)
pristinus, a, um - former, previous, old-fashioned (pristine)
posterus, a, um - next, following (posterity)
saucius, a, um - wounded
similis, simile (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) like, similar + genitive or dative
talis, tale (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) - such
tristis, triste - sad, grim
vetus, veteris (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) old (veteran)
vivus, a, um - alive
at or ast (adversative) but
autem (post positive) but, however
crās (adv.) tomorrow (procrastinate)
circā (prep. + acc.) around
dein or deinde - then, next
dum (+ indicative) while
dum (+ subjunctive) until
eō (adv.) to that place, there
eōdem (adv.) to the same place
ferē (adv.) generally, for the most part, usually
forte (adv.) by chance
item (adv.) in the same way, likewise
identidem (adv.) again and again
itaque (adv) and so, therefore
iterum (adv) again
iuxtā + acc, beside, next to
seu…seu or sive…sive - whether…or
quia (subordinating conj.) because
paulisper (adv.) for a little while
paulo - by a little
paulum - a little distance
paulatim (adv.) little by little
rursus (adv.) again
ultra (prep. + acc.) beyond
vix (adv.) barely, hardly
Verba Parva Maioribus Rānīs
ac = atque, and
ad (prep.+ acc.) to, toward
adeō (adv) to this point, thus far, to such an extent
adhūc (adv) up to this time; here
alius, -ia, -iud, other, another
aliquantō - by some amount
aliquot - some (number)
aliquando (adv.) at some time, once, formerly
admodum (adv.) completely
alter, -era, -erum, the other (of two) an (conj) whether, or; perhaps
aliter (adv.) otherwise
ante + acc, before, in front of
antea (adv) beforehand
antequam (adv) before, sooner than apud + acc, among
at (conj) but, yet
atque (ac) (conj) and, and also
aut (conj) or
aut . . . aut, either or
autem (conj) but, however
bene (adv) well
bis (adv) twice
certē (adv) surely
circum + acc, around, about
contra + acc, against
cras (adv) tomorrow
cum + abl, with
cum (conj) when; since, although
cūr (adv) why?
de + abl, from, down from, away from; about, concerning
deinde (adv) then
dēnique (adv) finally, at last
diū (adv) for a long time
dōnec (conj) until
dum (conj) while
ē (ex) + abl, out of, from,
ecce (interjection/adv) behold
enim (conj) for, to be sure, indeed
eō, to that place, there
eōdem - to the same place
equidem (adv) indeed
ergō (adv) therefore, then
et (conj) and, also, even et…et, both and
etiam (adv) still, even
etiamnunc (adv) yet, still, even now
ferē (adv.) almost, nearly
forte (adv) by chance
fortiter (adv) bravely
heu (interj) alas!
hic, haec, hoc, this; these; the latter
hīc (adv) here, in this place
hinc (adv) from this place
hodiē (adv) today
hūc (adv) to this place, here
iam (adv) now, already
ibi (adv) there
ierī (adv) yesterday
igitur (adv) therefore
ille, illa, illud, that; these; the former
illinc (adv) from that place
illūc (adv) to that place
in + acc, into, toward, against
in + abl, in, on
inde (adv) from there, thence
inter + acc, between, among
intereā (adv) meanwhile
interim (adv) meanwhle
iterum (adv.) again, a 2nd time
intrā (adv) inside
intrā + acc, within
is, ea, id (pron) he, she, it
ita (adv) so, thus
itaque (adv) and so, therefore
iterum (adv) again
iuxtā + acc, beside, next to
iuxtā (adv) close by
modo (adv.) just now, recently
mox (adv) soon
nam (conj) for
nec (neque) (conj) and not
nec . . . nec, neither nor
nempe (conf) truly, certainly
nēquīquam (adv.) in vain
neu (nēve) (conj) or not, and not
nisi (conj) unless, if not, expect
nōndum (adv) not yet
nōn iam (adv) no longer
numquam (adv) never
nūper (adv) recently
ob + acc. on account of
ōlim (adv) once upon a time, formerly, at one time
pariter (adv) in like manner
paulisper (adv) for a short time
per + acc, through
plērumque (adv.) generally
post + acc, after, behind
posteā (adv) afterwards
postquam (conj) after,
praesertim (adv.) especially
praeter (prep. + acc.) expect
praetereā (adv.) besides
prior, prius (adj) before, earlier
prius (adv) before, earlier priusquam (sub. conj.) before
prō + abl, in front of, in place of, for, in return for
prope + acc, near
propter + acc, because of, on account of
prōtinus (adv.) immediately
quam (adv or conj) how, as, than
quamquam (conj) although
quasi (adv) as if, just as
-que (enclitic) and
quī, quae, quod (rel pron) who, which, etc.
quī, quae, quod (relative adjective) which, this, these
quī? quae? quod? (interrogative adjective) which? what?
quīdam, quaedam, quoddam (indefinite adjective) - some, a certain
quisque, quaeque, quodque (indefinite pronoun) - everyone, everything
quia (conj) because
quid?, what?, why?
quārē - why?
quot? How many (number)
quantus, a, um - how great? what size? (magnitude)
qualis, quale (adj.) what sort?
quando? when? (time)
quis? quid? (interrogative pronoun) who? what?
quidem (post positive/adv) certainly, in fact, indeed
ne…quidem = not even - e.g. Ne Reona quidem id bene fecit = “not even Reona did it well”.
quō (adv) where? to what place?
quoad (sub. conj.) until
quod (conj) because
quōmodo (adv) how, in what manner
quondam (adv) formerly, once
quoniam (conj) since, because
quoque (adv) also
quot? How many?
quotannis - every year, yearly
saepe (adv) often
satis (adv) enough
sē (refl pron) himself, herself, themselves (acc and abl)
semper (adv) always
seu (sīve) (conj) or
seu . . . seu, whether . . . or
sī, if
sīc (adv) thus, so, in this manner
simul (adv) at the same time
simul ac (adv) as soon as
sine + abl, without
statim (adv) immediately
sub + acc or abl, under, beneath
subitō (adv) suddenly
super + acc. or abl. over, above
tam (adv) so
tamen (adv) nevertheless, however
tamquam (adv) just as, as if
tandem (adv) at last, finally
tantum (adv.) only
tot (indecl) so many
trans + acc, across
tum (adv) then
tunc (adv.) then, at that time
ubi (adv) where, in what place
ubi (conj) when
umquam (adv) ever
unde (adv) whence, from where
usquam (adv) ever
usque (adv) as far as
ut/utī (sub.conj.) + indicative = as, just as, when; + subjunctive = that, in order that
ut? (interrogative adv.) how?
valdē (adv.) strongly, very much
vel (conj) or
vel . . . vel, either or
velut (adv) just as, even as
vix (adv) scarcely, hardly
List for Pro Caelio, 450-520 & Lucretius, De Rerum Natura
conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectus - to complete
cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum - to try
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī - to fail + dative case
doleō, dolēre - to suffer
efficiō, efficere, effēcī, effectus - to accomplish (effective, effect) + ut = substantive/noun clause
exorior, exorīrī, exortus sum - to rise out, to arise
fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsus - to pour (refuse, refund, infuse, effusive, diffuse, fundation, fundamental)
gignō, gignere, genuī, genitus - beget, bear, bring forth; pp., genitus, a, um, + abl. of source, begotten of, born of (genital, congenital)
gubernō (1) to pilot, to control (gubernatorial, government)
incutiō, incutere, incussī, incussus - to strike, to dash
iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī - to delight, to help
ludō, ludere - to play
labor, labī, lapsus sum - to slide, to glide, to slip (lapse, relapse, prolapse)
mutō (1) to change (mutation, immutable)
natō (1) to swim
niteō, nitēre, nituī - to shine (intransitive)
pangō, pangere, pepigī, pactus - to arrange, to compose
regō, regere, rexī, rectus - to guide, to rule, to direct
reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertus - to find out, seek out, discover
rideō, ridēre, rīsī - to laugh, to smile (ridiculous, risible)
sapio, sapere, sapiī or sapīvī - to have sense, to know, to sense, to taste (sapient, homo sapiens)
sōpiō, sōpīre, sōpīvī or sōpiī, sōpītus - to put to sleep; pp. = sōpītus, a, um - lulled to sleep,
studeō, studēre, studuī - to be eager for, to support + dative
aequor, aequoris (n) sea, level surface of the sea
amnis, amnis (m) river
aura, aurae (f) breeze
auris, auris (f) ear (aural)
aurum, aurī (n) gold (AU)
disciplina, -ae (f) teaching, training (academic discipline)
cervīx, cervīcis (f) neck
convivium, conviviī (n) banquet, feast, dinner party
cursus, cursūs (m) a course, a running (discourse, cursūs honōrum)
causa, causae (f) cause, reason; case
causā + proceeding genitive = for the sake of
casus, casūs (m) a falling, chance, misfortune (cado, cadere)
casū = by chance
facultās, facultātis (f) opportunity, occasion
ius, iuris (n) law, right (jurisdiction, jurisprudence)
genetrix, genetrics (f) mother (Venus Genetrix worshipped in Caesar’s Forum)
genus, generis (n) class, race, kind (generic, genre, sui generis, genus)
genū, genūs (n) knee (genuflect)
gremium, gremiī (n) lap
pecus, pecudis (f) herd
pectus, pectoris (n) chest
ludus, ludī (m) game; school
mōs, mōris (m) custom (mores, moral)
mūnus, mūneris (n) duty, service; gift (munificent, remuneration)
mūs, mūris, (m/f) a mouse (muscle)
quies, quietis (f) rest, quiet
salūs, salūtis (f) health, safety, salvation
speciēs, speciēī (f) appearance (species)
spiritus, spiritūs (m) breath (respiration, expire)
studium, studiī (n) eagerness; a pursuit, study
tellūs, tellūris (f) earth; mother earth
versus, versūs (m) verse
voluptas, voluptatis (f) pleasure (voluptuary)
quisque, quaeque, quidque (indefinite) each one, each thing, each
almus, a, um - nurturing, kindly, nourishing
blandus, a, um - charming (blandishments)
infelix, infelicis - unfortunate, ill-fated
pristinus, a, um - former, characteristic (pristine)
suavis, suave - sweet, agreeable, pleasant (suave)
vernus, a, um - of spring, vernal (vernal equinox)
vicinus, a, um - neighboring (vicinity)
simul ac = as soon as
forte (adv.) by chance
ferē (adv.) generally
aliquō (adv.) to some place
quō? (adv.) where, to where
aliō (adv.) to another place
eō (adv. ) to that place, there
prope (adv.) nearly
vicissim (adv.) in turn
vix (adv.) scarcely, barely, hardly
PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 416-450
Be able to decline: ista infelix mens or hic līber liber
Verb Game on: loquor or pello
arbitror, arbitārī, arbitrātus sum - to judge (arbiter bibendi, arbitration)
ardeō, ardēre, arsī, arsus - to burn, to be inflamed
devinciō, devincīre, devinxī, devinctum - to tie up, bind; lay under obligation
calcitro (1) to strike with heals, to kick (recalcitrant)
confīdo, confīdere, confisus sum (semi-deponent, like audeo, soleo, gaudeo) to trust in, be confident in + dative case or accusative subjunctive + infinitive
dīluo, dīluere, dīluī, dīlūtum - to wash away; remove (dilution)
expōnō, exponere, exposuī, expositus - to place out, expose, explain
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to confess, acknowledge (profiteor, confiteor)
gradior, gradī, gressus sum - to walk, to go
iactō (1) to toss about (frequentive form of iacio, iacere)
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak
metuō, metuere, metui - to fear
miror, mirārī, mirātus sum - to wonder, be amazed
mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus sum - to labour at, to construct, build
nato (1) to swim
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, endure, allow + acc. + inf.
pateō, patēre, patuī - to be open, to lie open (patent)
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to drive
pervulgō (1) to publish, make common, prostitute one’s self
probō (1) test, try, prove, inspect, examine, approve
putō, putāre, putāvī, putātus - to think (dispute, computer)
reperiō, reperere, reperī, repertus - to discover
repellō, repellere, repulī, repulsus - drive back, repulse
sequor, sequī, secutus sum - to follow
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - take, take up, assume
trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus - to hand over, to surrender
trahō, trahere, trāxī, tractus - to drag, to pull
vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear
aedēs, aedis (f) temple
aedēs, aedium (f. pl.) palace, dwelling place
amnis, amnis (m) river
cor, cordis (n) heart (discord, concord)
fāma, fāmae (f) rumor, reputation, report
foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract (federal, federalism)
foris, foris (f) door (generally in plural - double doors)
hortus, hortī (m) garden (horticulture)
iuventus, -ūs (m) youth
gravitas, gravitatis (f) weight, seriousness, dignity
liber, librī (m) book (ex lībrīs)
metus, metūs (m) fear
mens, mentis (f) mind, intention (mens rea, mens sana in corpore sana)
mensis, mensis (m) month
mōs, mōris (m) custom, habit (mos maiorum; mores)
ratiō, rationis (f) a reckoning, accounting, reasoning
senex, senis (m) old man (senile)
signum, signī (n) sign, signal; battle standard
studium, studiī (n) pursuit, eagerness, training, study
vestis vestis (f) clothing, garment
voluptās, voluptātis (f) pleasure (voluptuary)
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) - anyone, anything, someone, something
quisquam quaequam, quidquam, or quicquam: (indef. pron. subst.) - anyone, any, anything (in negative sentences, freq.)
alienus, a, um - of another, belonging to another, foreign
clārus, a, um - bright; famous, illustrious
dūrus, a, um - hard, harsh
dubius, a, um - doubtful, dubious
foedus, a, um - foul, vile, polluted
ferreus, a, um - made of iron (FE)
effrēnatus, a, um - unbridled, unrestrained
infelix, infelicis (adj. one termination) unhappy, ill-fated
inanis, inane - empty, void (inane)
iniquus, -a, -um - unequal, unfair, unjust; hostile
līber, lībera, līberum - free
molestus, a, um - bothersome, annoying
mollis, molle - soft
parcus, a, um - frugal, stingy
praeceps, praecipitis (adj.) plunging head long, impetuous, rash
vērus, a, um - true
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque - whoever, whatever (indefinite adj.)
severus, a, um - stern, severe
talis, tale - such
tristis, triste - sad, bitter
ultimus, a, um - far, distant; final
autem ((postpositive) however, moreover
demum (adv.) at last, finally
deinde (adv.) then; from that point
forte (adv.) by change
igitur (postpositive) therefore
praesertim (adv.) especially
potissimum (superlative adv.)
potius quam = more than
plurimum (superlative adv.)
vērō (postpositive) indeed, truly, in fact
vērum (adversative conj.) but
obviam ire = to meet
PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 385-415
Be able to decline istud grave foedus and idem celer pes
Verb game on: progredior, progredī, progressus sum or cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus
admoneo, admonere, admonui, admonitus - to warn, to advise (admonish)
celebro (1) to frequent (a place)
complector, complecti, complexus sum - to embrace
commodo (1) to furnish, to supply
comito (1) to accompany, go along
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctus - to compel; to bring together
detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractus - to drag down, pull down
dirimo, dirimere, diremi, diremptus - to separate, to divide; to rip up
excito (1) call forth, arouse, stir up
ferio, ferire - to strike
foedus ferire - to strike an agreement
fero, ferre, tuli, latus - to bear, to bring, to endure
licet, licēre, licuit (impersonal verb + dative) it is permitted
malo, malle, malui - to prefer (magis + volo)
munio (4) to build; to construct; to fortify
nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptus - to cover, to veil; to marry
pareō, parēre, paruī - to obey + dative case
pariō, parere, peperī, partus - to give birth to, to produce
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus - to prepare (semper parātus)
postulo (1) to demand
progredior, progredī, progressus sum - to go foward, to procede (progress, progression)
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum - to seek; to inquire, to ask
removeō, removēre, removī, remotus - to remove (remote)
repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum - to seek back; recall
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - to take up, to assume
utor, uti, usus sum - to use, to employ + ablative case
adventus, adventūs (m) arrival (advent)
amor, amoris (m) love; love affair (amorous)
avis, avis (m/f) bird
avus, avī (m) grandfather, ancestor (avuncular)
caput, capitis (n) head
currus, -us (m) chariot, triumphal chariot
dolor, doloris (m) - pain, anguish, suffering
foedus, foederis (n) agreement, treaty, contract (federal, federation)
fons, fontis (m) spring, fountain (font)
gloria, gloriae (f) reputation renown
imago, imaginis (f) image, likeness; wax death mask, portrait
limen, liminis (n) threshold, doorway (liminal)
mos, moris (m) custum (mos maiorum - custom of ancestors)
mulier, mulieris (f) woman (sp. mujer)
odium, odiī (n) hatred (odious)
persona, -ae (f) mask; character; personality
pes, pedis (m) foot; step
progenies, progeniei (f) offspring, descendent
temeritas, temeritatis (f) chance, accident, rashness
testis, testis (m) witness
vitium, vitiī (n) vices
vīta, vītae (f) life
venenum, venenī (n) poison
aeger, aergra, aegrum - sick, weak, wounded
aemulus,a ,um - rivalling; as substantive = a rival
amplus, a, um - large, spacious, ample
barbatus, a, um - bearded, wearing a beard
cognatus, a, um - related, kindred
clarus, a, um - clear, illustrious, bright; distinguished
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
inferus, a, um - lower, below, infernal
inimīcus, a, um - hostile (inimical)
horridus, a, um - rough, bristling,
muliebris, -e - of a woman, womanly
priscus, a, um - old, ancient
saucius, a, um - wounded
urbanus, a, um - of the city; refined, elegant, polite
opus est + ablative = there is a need of ___________.
clam (adv.) secretly
cotidie (adv.) daily, every day
cum…tum (correlative conj.) both…and; not only…but also
ne...quidem = not even
quamdiu - as long as, however long
quidem (postpositive) indeed, infact
magis quam - rather than
mininē (superlative adv.) the least, not at all
palam (adv.) openly, publically
potius quam = rather than
potissimum (superlative adv.) especially
prope (adv.) nearly
simul (adv.) at the same time together
usque (adv.) as far as one can go, all the way
Vocabulary for Lines 140 - 216 of Cicero’s Pro Caelio
Expect verb game sequor, sequi, secutus sum or mereō, merēre, meruī, meritus
Be able to decline istud molestum genus or hic solus sumptus
coepī, coepisse, coeptus - to begin (defective verb)
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatus - to think (cognitive)
colo, colere, colui, cultus - to look after, to worship, to cultivate (horticulture)
delabor, delabī, delapsus sum - to slip down
intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus (inter + lego) - to understand, comprehend, perceive
insector, insectari, insectatus sum - to pursue
iactō, iactāre (frequentive of iacio, iacere - to throw) - to toss, to throw about
loquor, loqui, locutus sum - to speak (eloquent, loquacious, circumlocution)
maculo, maculare, maculavi, maculatus - to stain (immaculate, macular)
mereō, merēre, meruī, meritus - to earn, to gain; to deserve (merit, meretricious, demerit)
opīnor, opīnari, opīnatus sum - to image, to be of the opinion (to opine)
opto, optare, optavi, optatus - to wish (optative, option)
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure; to allow (patient, passive)
pateō patēre, patuī - to be open, to lie open
reprehendo, reprehendere, reprehendi, reprehensus, a, um- to criticize
sequor, sequī, secutus sum - to follow (non sequitur)
sumō, sumere, sumpsī, sumptus - to take up (assume, sumptuous)
suadeo, suadere, suasi - to urge
tueor, tuerī, tutus sum - to protect, to watch over (tutor)
utor, utī, usus sum - to use; to employ
adventus, adventus - arrival (advent)
ambitus, ambitus (m) electoral bribery
aes, aeris (n) bronze (metonymy for money) aes alienum = debt
āēr, āēris (m) air
familiaritās, familiaritātis (f) close friendship, intimacy
fīnis, fīnis (f or m) end, limit, boundary
genus, generis (n) kind, class (genus, sui generis)
gens, gentis (f) race, clan
ingenium, ingeniī (n) talent, genius
mendacium, mendacii (n) mendacity, falsehood, a lie (mendacity, mendacious)
mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner (mores, mos maiorum)
municipium, munipiciī (n) town (generally in Italy with citizenship)
nepos, nepotis (m) decedent (nepotism)
nemus, nemoris (n) grove
ratio, rationis (f) a accounting, reasoning, reason, judgment, reckoning
scelus, sceleris (n) wickness, evil
species, speciei (f) appearance (species)
sumptus, sumptus (m) expenditure
aliquot (indecl. indefinite adj.) some (number), several
adsiduus, a, um - continuous, uninterrupted (assiduously)
alter, altera, alterum - one or the other of two; another
alienus, a, um - belonging to another, foreign
aeger, aegra, aegrum - weak, sick, wounded
disertus, a, um - eloquent
clarus, a, um - illustrious, distinguish, bright
infestus, a, um - hostile, agressive
integer, integra, integrum - intact, untouched (pane integrale, integer)
invitus, a, um - unwilling
molestus, a, um - annoying, irksome
pauci, paucae, pauca (plural) a few (paucity)
rōbustus, a, um - made of oak, hard, hardened
saucus, a, um - wounded
uterque, utraque, utrumque - each of two
uter, utra, utrum? which of two?
satis or sat (indecl. adj. or adv.) enough, sufficiently
aliquis, aliquid - anyone, someone, anything, something
quisque, quidque - everyone, everything
quīdem, quaedam, quoddam (indef. adj.) a certain, some
an (interrogative) whether
dēmum - at length, at last precisely
eiusmodi = of such a kind
haud (adv.) no, in no way
itaque (adv.) and so
minime (adv.) the least, not at all
omnino (adv.) entirely
quidem (adv.) indeed
paulo (adv.) by a little
paulum (adv.) a litte distance
paulātim (adv.) little by little
utinam (introduces a volitive/optative subjunctive) - would that
correlative conjunctions:
ita/sic . . . ut - just/in the same way . . . as
simul . . . ac/atque/ut . . . as soon as
talis . . . qualis - such (. . .) as
tam . . . quam - as/so . . . as; (both . . . and)
tantus, -a, -um . . . quantus, -a, -um - as much/great . . . as
tanto (+ comparative) . . . quanto (+ comp.) - the _____er . . .the _____er
(ab. of degree of difference)
tot . . . quot - as many . . . as
totiens . . . quotiens - as often as . . . (so often)
alius/aliter . . . ac/atque - different(ly)/otherwise . . . from/than
cum . . . tum - both . . . and (especially); (not only . . . but also)
ne…quidem = not even - e.g. Ne Reona quidem id bene fecit = “not even Raina did it well”.2nd List of Vocabulary for Pro Caelio
Be able to decline: hic lenis pater (this mild father) or ista turpis species (that disgusting appears of yours)
abhorreo, abhorrere, abhorrui - to shudder, to shrink back from (abhorrent)
arbitror (1) to think, reckon (arbitration)
coepi, coepisse, coeptus - to begin (defective verb, lacks present system).
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus - to destory (delete)
exsisto, exsistere, exstiti - to apear, arise
habeo, habere, habui, habitus - to have; to consider
haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum - to stick, to cling to, adhere
memini, meminisse (defective verb) - to remember
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born (natal)
nego (1) to deny; say… not (head verb)
nitor, nitī, nisus sum - to rely on + ablative case
odī, odiise - to hate (defective verb, lacks present system). odi et amo
oportet, oportēre, oportui (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, to endure; to allow (passive, patient)
pateo, patēre, patui - to be open, to lie open
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit (impersonal verb) - it causes one (in genitive) to regret something (in accusative) or may generate indirect statement.
studeo, studere, studui + dative= to be eager for, support, to favour
tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to protect, watch over, look at, to keep (tutor)
utor, uti, usus sum + abl. case= to use, to enjoy, to employ (abuse)
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum - to live, to be; to act (vivacious)
advocatus, -i (m) supporter, assistant (advocate)
aetas, aetatis (f) age; time of life (aetas aurea)
aestas, aestatis (f) summer (estival)
ars, artis (f) skill, art, discipline (ars gratia artis)
crimen, criminis (n) charge (crime, criminal)
facultas, facultatis (f) power, skill, opportunity
finis, finis (m) boundary, end, limit (imperium sine fine)
gravitas, gravitatis (f) seriousness, authority, dignity
infamia, -ae (f) bad repute, infamy
iūdĭcĭum, iūdĭcĭī (n) a judgment, a judicial investigation, trial; a judicial sentence
libīdo, libidinis (f) passion, sexual desire
luctus, luctūs (m) sorrow
modus, -modī (m) measure, limit, manner, way (modus operandi, modus vivendi)
radix, radicis (f) root; foundations (radical)
species, speciei (f) appearance (species)
studium, - i (n) eagerness, zeal; pursuit
virtus, virtutis (f) courage, excellence; virtue
vitium, -i (n) vice
vita, vitae (f) life (CV = curriculum vitae)
adsiduus, a, um - continuous, uninterrupted (assiduously)
aliquot (indecl. adj.) some, several, some number
castus, a, um - pure, chaste
familiaris, -is, -e- intimate, familial, friendly + dative
improbus, a, um - base, immoral
iucundus, a, um - pleasant, agreeable (jocund)
lēnis, lēne - soft, smooth, mild, gentle, easy, calm
pĕtŭlans, pĕtŭlantis - a falling upon, assailing in jest forward, pert, saucy, impudent, wanton, freakish, petulant.
talis, tale - such
turpis, -is, -e- base, vile, disgusting (turpitude)
aliquando (adv.) at some time
aliquanto (adv.) by somewhat
cum....tum (conj.) both...and; not only...but also
iterum (adv.) again, a second time
magis (comp. adv.) more, rather
non solum...sed etiam - not only... but also
paene (adv.) almost, nearly
umquam (adv.) ever
nimium or nimis (adv. or adj.) too much, excessive
numquam (adv.) never
ergo (adv.) therefore
List for the exordium of the Pro Caelio
Be able to decline: opus acre and ops nulla as part of this quiz.
adsum, adesse, adfui - to be present
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, constituī, constitūtus - to establish, put in place
dubito (1) to doubt, to be uncertain
ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum - to pardon + dative case
improbo (1) to disapprove, condemn
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
miror, mirari, miratus sum - to wonder or marvel at
nitor,, nitī, nisus or nixus sum - to rely on + ABLATIVE CASE
oppugno (1) to attack
obsideo obsidere, obsedi, obsessus - to besiege, to blockade (obsession)
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum - to investigate, inquire
verso (1) to turn over and over; to engage in
aetas, aetātis (f) age, time of life; youth
causa, -ae (f) cause; case
crimen, criminis (n) charge (not a crime)
civitas, civitatis (f) state, nation
facinus, facinoris (n) deed; crime
gratia, -ae (f) charm, influence (ingratiate)
iudicium, -ii (n) court, trial, judgment
lex, legis (f) law
ludus, -i (m) game, games
negotium, -ii (n) business, legal work
odium, -ii (n) hatred, hate
otium, -ii (n) leisure
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour
pietas, pietatis (f) devotion to father/family, gods and fatherland
spes, speī (f) hope, expectation, ambition
vis, vis (f) force, violence; strength (in the plural)
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam/quidquam (indef. pron.) - someone, anyone
uter, utra, utrum (interrogative pron.) which of two?
ācer, ācris, ācre - sharp, fierce, bitter, harsh
acerbus, a, um - bitter, hostile
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
inlustris, inlustre - bright, clear, eminent
festus, a, um - of a holiday
forensis, forense - of the forum, legal
nullus, a, um - no (what paradigm)
tantus, a, um - so great
cotidie - daily, on any day
forte (adv.) by chance
non modo…sed etiam - not only …but also
nec (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
neque (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
ne…quidem - not even
nimis (adv.) too much, excessive
quīn (conj.) that- generally following negative verbs or words of doubt
vel… vel (conjunction) either..o
Livy on Tiberius Gracchus
Bonus is to decline: eadem acris res
abrogo (1) - repeal, take away, remove (abrogate)
accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus - to receive
contionor, contionari - to attend an assembly or to speak in public assembly
creo (1) to create, appoint
exardesco, exardescere, exarsi, exarsum - to be inflamed (ardent, arson)
fero, ferre, tuli, latus - to bring, to bear (forms may compound verbs)
icio, icere, ici, ictus - to hit, strike (ictus)
iudico (1) - to judge, to decide, to declare (judicial, judicature)
incito (1) - to urge, put in montion, incite
occīdo, occīdere, occīdi, occisus - to kill (ob + caedo)
patefacio, patefacere, patefeci, patefactum - to throw open; to open up; reveal
possideo, possidere - to possess, have, hold
promulgo (1) -to publish, to make know, to promote (promulgate)
peroro (1) to explain thoroughly; to harangue at length
rapio, rapere, rapui, raptus - to seize (rapture, rapacious)
relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum - abandon, to leave behind, to leave (relinquish)
spero (1) to hope
volo, velle, volui - to wish, to want
causa, -ae (f) case; cause
collega, -ae (m) colleague
cupiditas, cupiditatis (f) desire
furor, furoris (m) rage, madness
iugerum, -i (n) measure of land
modus, modi (m) measure; way; means
offensa, -ae (f) a striking; injury, offense
optimates, optimatium (m. pl.) - conservation senatorial aristocracy
pars, partis (f) part, direction, side, party, faction
plebs, plebis (m) plebs, plebeian class (not patrician)
socer, soceri (m) father-in-law
seditio, seditionis (f) insurrection, uprising (sedition, seditious)
subsellium, -i (n) seat in the senate, wooden bench
agrarius, a, um - agrarian
diversus, a, um - opposite, different, opposed
equestris, -e of the equestrian order
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
gravis, grave - heavy, serious
latus, a, um - wide, broad, extensive
omnis, omne - all, every, entire
primus, a, um - first, the first part of
privatus, a, um - private (opposite of “publicus”)
autum (postpostive particle) however, moreover
adversus (prep + acc.) against
deinde (adv.) next, then
iterum (adv.) again, a second time
minus (comparative adv. or substantive) less
plus (comparative adv. or substantive) more
quā (adv.) to what extent
quoniam (subordinating conj.) - since, because
*armo (1) to arm (armatus, a, um = armed)
*caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, a, um - to guard against; beware of
*cieo, ciere, civi, citus, a, um - to move, stir, agitate
constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus, a, um - set up
*excido, excidere - to destroy
*ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum - to ente
iugulo (1) to cut the throat, to kill, to strangle
occupo (1) to seize
*peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek
praebeo, praebere, praebui - to offer, to hold out
praemunio (4) to fortify in front; to secure
*prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus, a, um - to bring forth
rependo, rependere, rependi, repensus - to weigh again; ransom, repay
succurro, succurrere, succurri succursus, a, um + dative - to aid
sustento (1) to hold off, hinder
veto, vetare - to forbid
vindico (1) to avenge
*animus, -i (m) mind
*crudelitas, crudelitatis (f) cruelty
*cervix, cervicis (f) neck, nape of the neck
dominus, -i (m) master
eloquentia, -ae (f)
*eques, equitis (m) equites, knights (Rome’s non-patrician aristocracy)
*error, erroris (m) wandering, mistake; wandering from the correct path
*exemplum, -i (n) example, a sample, model
*frumentum, -i (n) grain, grain supply
*furor, furoris (m) rage, madness (an important Roman political word)
*iudicium, -ii (n) court, judgment
*mors, mortis (f) death
*mos, moris (m) manner, custom (mores)
*quies, quietis (f) rest, peace, quiet
*plebs, plebis (f) Roman Plebs, common people
*potentia, -ae (f) power
*princeps, principis (m) leader
*status, -ūs (m) state, position, condition
tribunatus, -ūs (m) tribuneship
*virtus, virtutis (f) courage; virtue
*acer, acris, arce - bitter, fierce; controversial
fraternus, a, um - of a brother, brother’s
*mirus, a, um - miraculous, incredible
praestantior, praestantius (comp. adj.) outstanding
*pravus, a, um - deformed, perverse, depraved
segnis, segne - slow, tardy, lingering
*summus, a, um - highest
*quisquam, quidquam (indefinite adj.) - any
*gratiā or causā + preceding genitive case = for the sake off
*quin (conj.)- but indeed, rather , that
aeque (adv.) equally, justly
*aliquando (adv.) at any time, once
nefariē (adv.) impiously, abominably, unspeakable
denique (adv.) at last, finally
*paene (adv.) almost, nearly
*plus (comp. adv.) more
Imperium Roman in the 3rd Century BC - List for quiz.
adsumo, adsumere, adsumpsi, adsumptus - taken up, adopt, to claim
adfero, adferre, adtuli, adlatus - to bring to, to report
apello (1) to name, to call (copulative in passive) See Favale, the expert on copulative verbs.
coepi, coepisse, coeptus (defect verb - no present system) to begin + complementary infinitive
credo, credere, credidi, creditus - to believe, to trust + dative or acc. + inf.
creo, creare, creavi, creatus - to elect, to appoint, to create (copulative in passive)
decedo, decedere, decessi, decessus - to depart, to leave; to perish
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus - to destroy
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus - to break, to destory, to subdue
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour; to slay; to slaughter
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus - to wage; to manage
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus - give birth to, to produce; be born
incipio, incipere - to begin
infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus - to bring in or against (inferre bellum + dative = to wage war on )
invideo, invidere, invidi, invisus - to hate, to be jealous of
peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek
pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictus - to paint (depict)
praecedo, praecedere, praecessi, praecessus - to go before, precede
praedico, praedicere, praedixi, praedictus - to say beforehand
praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus - to carry in front; to display
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus - to think, perceive, to feel
statuo (1) to decide
simulo (1) to fain, to pretend
sto, stare, steti, status - to stand, to remain
supero (1) to conquer, to surpass
tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - to remove, lift, take away; destroy
vinco, vincere, vici, victus - to conquer
volo, velle, volui - to wish
acies, aciei (f) line, edge; battle line; battle
aemula, -ae (f) rival
arma, -orum (n. pl.) arms, weapons
avus, -i (m) grandfather
auctor, auctoris (m) author, instigator
civitas, civitatis (f) state, city, citizen body
clementia, -ae (f) mercy, clemency
consul, consulis (m) consul
contumelia, -ae (f) insults, indignity, abuse
currus, -us (m) chariot
custodia, -ae (f) custody
finis, finis (m or f) end, limit (infinitive)
insignis, insignis (f) trappings, markings
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, envy, jealousy
ingenium, -ii (n) innate ability, genius, intellect
mendacium, -ii (n) falsehood, pretense (mendacity)
monimentum, -i (n) reminder, monument
noxia, -ae (f) crime
origo, originis (f) origin, source
pars, partis (f) part, side, direction
poena, -ae (f) punish (dare poenas = to pay the penalty or to be punished) (subpoena)
regnum, -i (n) kingship,
saeculum, -i (n) age; period of time
signum, signī (n) sign, signal, battle standard; statue; image
stirps, stirpis (f) lineage, stock
studium, -ii (n) zeal, pursuit; learning
senatus, -us (m) senate
tabula, -ae (f) document; placard
temeritās, temeritātis (f) rashness
triumphus, -i (m) triumphal procession, victory parade
virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour
vis, vis (f) force, power, vigor; in plural = strength
(vis, vis, vi, vim vi, vires, virium viribus, vires, viribus)
brevis, -breve - short, brief
gravis, grave - serious, heavy
immanis, -e - huge, vast, immense
invisus, a, um - hateful to + dative case
līber, lībera, līberum - free
maior, maius (greater, larger, older)
paternus, a, um - paternal, fatherly
praeclarus, a, um - illustrious
prior, prius - earlier, former, previous
securus, a, um - secure, safe, free from care
universus, a, um - all, entire, the whole
ultimus, a, um - last, furtherest, most remote; worst
quisquid, quidquid (indefinite pronoun) whoever, whatever
ac (coordinating conj.= atque) and (like et)
abhinc - from this time, from his place
aut…aut - either… or
deinde (adv.) then, next
quia (subordinating conj.) because
quippe (adv.) of course, obviously
magis (comparative adv.) more, rather
maxime (adv.) especially, the most, chiefly
neque - nor; and not, neither
usquam (adv.) - in any place, anywhere
Vocabulary Vergil's Aeneid 1.254-296 - Jupiter's Speech to Venus
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, receive, welcome, take in
aestas, aestatis, f summer
aetas, aetatis, f age, time
Alba Longa = Alba Longa = city south of Rome, founded by Ascanius
annus, -i, m year
arcanus, -a, -um = arcane, deep, secret, hidden,
Argi, -orum = Argives = Greeks
arma, -orum n weapons
artus, -a, -um = close fitting, tight, narrow
Ascanius, -i m Ascanius = son of Aeneas
asperus, -a, um = rough, harsh, vicious, mean
Assaracus, -i, m Assaracus = pre-Trojan war hero
aster, astri m star
at, ac (atque) = but, and
caelum, -i, n sky, heaven
canus, -a, -um = white, white-haired
cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus, see, discern, recognize,
clarus, -a, -um = famous, illustrious
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, = close
consilium, -i n plan, council, wisdom, intention
condo, -ere, condidi, conditus, found, establish, build,
contundo, -tundere, -tusi, -tunsus, strike, smash, defeat, destroy
cruentus, -a, -um = bloody
cura, -ae, f concern, anxiety, fear
dehinc = from that point in time, then
demitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, = let down
dirus, -a, -um = dire, dreadful
do, dare, dedi, datus, = give
dominor, -ari, = conquer, master, defeat
dominus, -i, m master
domus, -i f house
donec = until
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus = receive, lay hold of, greet, take over
expleo, -plere = fill up, complete, fulfill
fama, -ae, f fame, reptutation
fatigo, -are = disturb, weary, tire out, exhaust, torment, harass
ferox, ferocis, fierce, savage,
ferrum, -i, n iron
fides, -ei, f faith, loyalty,
finis, finis, f end, limit
for, fari, fatus = to speak
foveo, fovere, = favor
fremo, fremere, fremui, fremitus, roar, screech, resound
fulvus, -a, -um = tawny
furor, furoris, m fury, maddness, furor
geminus, -a, um = twin
hiberna, -orum, n winter
Ilia, -ae, f Ilia (daugther of King Numitor)
Ilius, -a, -um = of the city of Ilium (Troy)
Iulus, -i m Julus
Iuno, Iunonis, f Juno
immotus, -a, -um = unmoved
imperium, -i n government, power, domininion
impius, -a, -um = impious
inde = from that point, next
ingens, ingentis, huge, difficult, massive
intus = inside
ius, iuris, n law, right
labor, labi, lapsus sum = slip, pass, slide
Latium, -i, n Latium (= district in Italy)
libo, -are, draw, taste, touch, pour, pour a libation, offer, present, with osculum = to kiss
lustrum, -i, n period of time, time, year
magnaminus, -a, -um = magnaminous, courageous, spirited, mighty,
mensis, mensis, f month
meta, -ae, f turning post, end, limit
metus, metūs, m fear
mos, moris, f manner, character, morals, custom
munio, -ire, munivi, munitus, = provide with walls, fortify
Mycenae, -arum f Mycenae = famous Greek city during the Trojan War
nascor, nasci, natus, to be born
natus, -a, -um = past participle of nascor = to be born, i.e, natus, -a, -um = that which has been born = child, son, daughter
nodus, -i, m knot, coil,
nutrix, nutricis, = nourishing
oceanus, -i m ocean
olim = some indefinite point in time, at some time
onustus, -a, -um = burdened, loaded,
orbis, orbis, m circle, circuit, revolution (of a heavenly body), cycle
Oriens, Orientis = the Orient
origo, originis f origin, birth,
osculum, -i, n little mouth, kiss
parco, parcere, peperci, spare (takes the dative)
partus, partūs, m birth, delivery
proles, prolis, f offspring, child, progeny,
quando when, since
quin = but indeed
Quirinus, -i m Quirinus = Roman god
reginus, -a, -um = royal
regno, -are = to rule, to be king
remordeo, remordere, bite, bite back, gnaw
Remus, -i, m Remus
Romulus, -i, Romulus
Rutili, -orum = Rutilians
sacerdos, sacerdis, m & f priest(tess)
saeculum, -i, n age
sator, satoris, m. sower, sire, father
securus, -a, -um = secure, without conern, without anxiety, unconcerned
sedes, sedis, f seat, location
sereno, -are, to make serene, to make calm, to calm
servitium, -i n servitude
sic = thus
sidus, sideris, n star
spolium, -i, n spoil(s), booty, reward(s)
subago, -agere, -egi, -actus = lead under, defeat, subject, conquer
sublimis/e = high, lofty, sublime, reaching heaven
subrideo = to laugh at, to smile reassuringly, to smile pleasingly
talis/e = such
tegmen, tegminis, n covering, protection, pelt, hide
ter = three times
tergum, -i, n back
termino, -are, limit, set bounds to, terminate,
terra, -ae, f land
tertius, -a, -um = third
togatus, -a, -um = wearing the toga
transeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus = go through, transpire, pass
transfere, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, = transfer, move
triginta = 30
Troianus, -a, -um = Trojan
verto, vertere, verti, versus = turn, change direction
vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctus = bind, tie up, fasten, fetter
vis, viris, f power, force, might, violence, strength
volvo, volvere, volui, volutus, roll, unroll, reveal
votum, -i n prayer, vow
vultus, vultūs, m look, expression, countenance
Vocabulary list for Horace, Ode 1.37 & Vergil’s Aeneid I
Be able to decline: vultus mollis or grex ater
Albanus, a, um - of Alba Longa (city founded by Ascanius south of Rome)
Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas
Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek
Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek
Parcae, -arum (f) Fates
Saturnia, -ae (f) daughter of Saturn =
Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan
Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium
Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant
bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus - to drink
conflo (1) to blow up or into flame
eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away
for, fari, fatus sum - to speak
foveo, fovere - to cherish
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour forth
invideo, invidere, invidi, invisum - to envy, to hate
lateo, latere, latui - to hide
pereo, perire, perii, periturus - to perish
pulso (1) to strike, to beat
quaero, quaerere - to seek, to inquire
queror, queri, questus sum - to complain about, lament
rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus - to break, to burst
spero (1) to hope
voluto (1) to turn over, roll
volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo
aequor, aequoris (n) sea
anima, -ae (f) air, breath, life, soul, shade
animus, -i (m) soul, spirit, courage, thought
arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height
ara, ae (f) altar
arvum, -i (n) field, plowed land
aura, -ae (f) breeze, air
aurum, -i (n) gold
auris, -is (f) ears
classis, classis (f) fleet
comes, comitis (m) companion
currus, -us (m) chariot
ensis, ensis (m) sword
facies, faciei (f) shape, figure; face, appearance
fas (indecl.) just (according to the gods)
habena, -ae (f) reins (generally in the plural)
monstrum, -i (n) portent; monster
nefas (indecl.) unjust (according to the gods)
ora, -ae (f) shore
pontus, -i (m) sea
portus, -us (m) port
porta, -ae (f) gate
pelagus, -i (n) sea
regina, -ae (f) queen
regia, -ae (f) palace
ramus, - (m) branch
remus, -i (m) oar
scelus, sceleris (n) crime, evil deed
spatium, -ii (n) space
asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, sharp
ater, atra, atrum - dark, black
citus, a, um - swift
dulcis, -e = sweet
ebrius, a, um - drunk
fatalis, -e - fated, death bringing
immanis, -e- huge, monstrous, enormous
invisus, a, um - hated
infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed
inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath
memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case
mollis, -e soft
regius, a, um - royal
turpis, -e - vile, base, ugly,
vultus, vultus (m) face
nunc (adv.) now
quippe = of course, indeed
velut = just as
vix (adv.) barely, hardly
Vocabulary List for Book One of Vergil’s Georgics
audeo, audere, ausus sum - to dare
careo, carere, carui - to lack + ablative case
denuntio (1) to announce (denounce)
condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to establish, to found, to place
incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus - to begin (inception)
miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity
operio, operire, operui, opertus - to cover, to conceal; to atone for
prosum, prodesse, profui - to be useful, to benefit + dative case
queror, queri, questus sum - to complaint, to lament
rumpo, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus - - to burst, break
salio, salīre, salui - to leap, jump, hop (salient)
succurro, succurrere - to aid, to help (sub + curro) + dative case (succor)
surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise (insurrection)
tego, tegere, texi, tectus - to cover (protect)
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry; in passive - to travel
amnis, amnis (m) river
ignis, -is (m) fire
ensis, ensis (m) sword
facies, faciei (f) face, appearance
fraus, fraudis (f) deceit, deception; a crime
fulgur, fulguris (n) lightening, flashing
macula, -ae (f) stain, spot (immaculate, The Immaculate Conception)
motus, -us (m) motion (terramota)
orbis, orbis (m) ring, disk, hoop, orbit (orbis terrarum)
ortus, -us (m) rising, a rising
ōs, ōris (n) mouth; face
os, ossis (n) bone
regia, -ae (f) palace
saeclum, -i (n) age; period of time
signum, signī (n) sign; signal; battle standard
tectum, -i (n) roof, building (from tego, tegere, texi, tectus)
tellus, telluris (f) earth; mother earth; Tellus
tumultus, -us (m) an uproar, violent commotion; tumult; civil war
unda, -ae (f) a wave; water (und
caecus, a, um - blind
dirus, a, um - dreadful, ugly, ill-omened, fearful
grandis, grande - large, great
igneus, a, um - of fire
nitidus, a, um - bright, shining, radiant
umidus, a, um - wet, full of moisture
magis (adv.) more greatly, more, rather
magnopere (adv.) greatly
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything
quis, quid? (interrogative pronoun)
qui, quae, quod? (interrogative adjective)
quamquam (conj.) - although
totiens (adv.) so often
quotiens (adv.) how often? how often!
Vocabulary List Priapus and Lotis from Ovid's Fasti.
aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus - to open, to reveal (aperture)
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesus - to slaughter
caveo, cavere - to take care, beware (cave canem; caveat emptor)
colō, colere, coluī, cultus - inhabit, cultivate; worship
coepi, coepisse, coeptus - to begin (defective verb)
concito (1) to stir, disturb
effundo, effundere, effudī, effusus - to pour out, to spread out (effusive)
iaceō, iacēre, iacuī - to lie (adjacent)
iacio, iacere, iecī, iactus - to throw (objection, eject)
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtus - to mix
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born (neonatal, cognate)
nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus sum - to receive, to obtain
necto, nectere, nexi, nexum - to bind, tie, to join
praebeo, praebere, praebui - to offer
pudeo, pudēre, puduī - to cause shame
rideo, ridere, risi, risus - to laugh (risible)
rubeo, rubere - to be red (rubescent)
sollicito (1) to stir, agitate; arouse
sono, sonare, sonui, sonitus - to make a noise
sino, sinere - to allow
tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus - to touch (tangent)
terreo, terrēre, terrui - to frighten
uro, urere - to inflame
amnis, amnis (m) river
anima, -ae (f) breath; spirit; soul
auctor, auctoris (m) author, agent; doer
aura, -ae (f) breath; breeze
causa, -ae (f) reason, cause
convivium, -i (n) feast, banquet
custos, custodis (m) guardian
decus, decoris (n) adornment, honor
fastus, fastūs (m) contempt for other; pride, arrogance
festum, -i (n) holiday, festival banquet
flatus, -ūs (m) breath, blowing, snorting
gradus, -ūs (m) step
iocus, -i (m) play, game, joke
iuventus, iuventūtis (f) youth
lusus, -ūs (m) play, frolic
lumen, luminis (n) light
nemus, nemoris (n) grove
nequitia, -ae (f) lewdness, wantonness
rivus, -i (m) stream (derivative)
rus, ruris (n) countryside
sopor, soporis (m) deep sleep
torus, -i (m) couch
tutela, -ae (f) guard, safeguard; protector (tutelary)
victima, -ae (f) sacrificial offering, victim
votum, -i (n) vow; wish, desire, longing
alienus, a, um - foreign, a stranger to a thing (+ dative case)
aptus, a, um - suited to + dative case
felix, felicis (adj.) happy, lucky
fessus, a, um - weary
gratus, a, um - pleasing to + dative case
niveus, a, um - snow white
parcus, a, um - sparingly
pavidus, a, um - timid, alarmed
pronus, a, um - inclined (toward)
ruber, rubra, rubrum - red, ruddy
rigidus, a, um - stiff
solitus, a, um - accustomed
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque (indefinite pronoun) whoever, what ever
quisque, quaeque, quidque (indefinite pronoun) - each one, each thing
quidem (adv.) indeed, certainly
nimium (adv.) too much, excessively
Vocabulary for Eclogue One and other things
(re) cubo, cubāre, cubuī, cubitus,- to recline, to relax, go to bed, recline at dinner
mīrōr, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder at, marvel
cano, canere, cecinī, cantum - to sing
cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētus - to separate; distinguish by senses; perceive; discern
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to admit, to confess
invideō, invidēre - to envy
labor, labī, lapsus sum - to slip, to slide
memini, meminisse (defective verb- look up its paradigm) - to remember
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born (neonatal)
nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum - to obtain
oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblitus sum - to forget + genitive case (oblivious)
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to strike, drive
pendeō, pendēre, pependī, pensus - to hang (pendent)
prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, prōditus - to hand over, betray
potior, potīrī, potitus sum - to get possession of + genitive or ablative case
resonō, resonāre - to echo (resonate)
respicio, respicere, respexi, respectus - to look back at
relinquō, relinquere, reliquī, relictus, a, um -to leave behind (relinquish)
soleō, solēre, solitus sum -to be accustomed + infinitive (como di solito)
suadeo, suadere - to urge
aes, aeris (n) bronze
agnus, agnī (m) lamb (agnus dei)
arvum, arvī (n) plowed fields
lac, lactis (n) milk (Madonna Lactans)
fons, fontis (m) spring, fountain
frigus, frigoris (n) cold
grex, gregis (m) a flock (egregious, gregarious)
iuvenis, iuvenis (m) youth
otium, otiī (n) leisure, free time, holiday
rupes, rupis (f) cliff, outcrop; bank
spēs, speī (m) hope
umbra, -ae (f) shade, shadow; ghost, shade in underworld
aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak, ill, suffering
agrestis, agreste - rustic
iners, inertis (ad.) inactive, lazy, immobile; without skill
mollis, molle - soft (mollify)
lentus, a, um - slow, calm
maestus, a, um - sad
serus, a, um - late (buona sera)
stultus, a, um - foolish, stupid
tenuis, tenue - slender, thin; refined (tenuous) VERY IMPORTANT WORD
modo (adv.) recently, just now
quot? (interrogative adj.) how many?
postquam (subordinating conjunction) after
posteā (adv.) afterward
post (prep. + acc.) after
tantus, a, um…quantus, a, um (correlatives rabbits) as great as; as much as
undique (adv) from or on all sides
usque (adv.) continuously, without interruption
List for Livy, Periochae CXIX & CXX
Asinius Pollio
Munatius Plancus
Decimus Brutus - one of the murderers of Caesar who held Cisalpine Gaul which had been awarded to him by Caesar
Gaius Trebonius - legatus of Caesar who turned against him. He was made proconsular governor of Asia under Caesar and then was murdered by Dolabella.
Dolabella, -ae (m) supporter of Caesar who seized the consulship following C.’s assassination and then became proconsul of Syria and then murdered Gaius Trebonius
Aulus Hirtius - consul for 43 BC
Gaius Pansa - consul for 43 BC
aequō (1) to balance, bring into balance
ampliō, ampliāre, ampliāvī, ampliātus - to increase, to enlarge, amplify
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus - to fall
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituuī, cōnstitūtus - to put in place, restore
dēcerno, dēcernere, decrēvi, decrētus - to degree, to pronounce
damnō (1) to condem (damnatio memoriae)
defungor, defungī, defunctus sum - to have done with, acquit oneself of, discharge, perform, finish; to perish
iudicō (1) to judge, to decree
iungō, iungere, iunxī, iunctus - to join
līberō (1) to free
mandō (1) to entrust, to order (mandate)
occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsus - to kill
postulo (1) to demand, ask; impeach
praeclūdo, praeclūdere, praeclūsī, praeclusus - to shut out/off, to prevent access
prōscrībō prōscrībere, proscrīpsī, proscrīptus - to proscribe, to publish names of people to be murdered
sĕpĕlĭo, sĕpĕlīre sepelīvi or ii, sepultum - to bury, to entomb
supersum, superesse - to survive; be left over
avunculus, -ī, (m) an uncle on the mother’s side; uncle
copiae, -ārum (f) troops
fraus, fraudis (f) treachery
facinus, facinoris (n) crime
gratia, -ae (f) favour
mentio, mentionis (f) reference, mention
obsidio, obsidionis (f) seize
opera, operae (f) effort, attention
postestās, potestātis (f) power
praesidium, praesidiī (n) protection, guard
quaestĭo, quaestĭōnis (f) inquiry, investigation
rostrum, -i (n) beak
rostra, -ōrum (n. pl.) speaker’s platform in the forum Romanum
trumphus, -ī (m) triumphal procession
vīs, vis (f) power; in plural = strength (for Virginia, men)
vulnus, vulneris (n) wound
quisque, quidque - each one
adversus, a, um - adverse, facing, opposing
gratus, a, um - pleased, grateful, pleasing + dative
iniquus, a, um (in + aequus) unjust, unequal, hostile
Mutinēnsis, e (adj.) of Mutina (mod. Modena) town in Gallia Cisaplina on the Via Aemilia
adversus (prep. + acc. ) against
intrā (prep. + acc. case) within (intramural, intravenous)
parum: (adv.) only a little, too little; little; not
List for Suetonius' Murder of Caesar
adripio, adripere, adripui, arreptus - to seize, grasp
adsideo, adsidere - to sit near
animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus - to notice
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum (+ dative case) - to approach (ad+ cedere)
cedo, cedere, cessī, cessus - to go, to yield
caedo, caedere, cecīdī, caesus - to slaughter
cado, cadere, cecidī, casus - to fall
clamo (1) to shout
conor, conari, conatus sum - to try
confŏdĭo, confŏdere confōdi, fossum - to stab, to dig
conspiro (1) to conspire
destuo, desiturere, destitui - to desert
dependo, dependere - to hang down
differo, differre, distuli, dilatum - to scatter about, to put off
edo, edere, edidi, editus - to give forth, utter
īciō, īcere, īcī, ictus - to strike
irruo, irruere - to rush in
obvolvo, obvolvere - to wrap up, to cover
occīdo, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum - to kill, to cut down
publico (1) to make public, confiscate
prosilio, prosilire -- to leap forth
rogo, rogare (1) to ask
reperio, reperire, repperi, repertus - to ascertain, to discover
stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictus - to draw
suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum - to undertake, to begin
tardo (1) to slow
trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus - hand down
traho, trahere, traxi, tractus - to pull, to drag
traicio, traicere - to pierce
velo (1) to cover
vulnero (1) to wound
animus, -i (m) mind, intention
bracchium, -i (n) arm
crus, cruris (n) shin, leg
eques, equitis (m) cavalry, horseman
graphium, -i (n) stilus, sharply pointed instrument for writing
gemitus, -us (m) groan
gestus, -us (m) gesture, posture
iugulum, -i (n) throat (jugular)
medicus, -i (m) doctor
metus, -us (m) fear
officium, -ii (n) duty, business, obligation
plaga, -ae (f) blow, wound
pugio, pugionis (m) daggers
pars, partis (f) part; party, side, direction
servolus, -i (m) diminutive of servus, -i (m)
sinus, us (m) fold (in a toga)
species, speciei (f) appearance, pretext
umerus, -i (m) shoulder
vir, virī (m) man, hero, husband
vīs, vis (f) violence, force, in plural = strength (men for Virginia)
vox, vocis (f) voice (vox populī)
aversus, a, um - turned away (here: from the back)
cunctus, a, um - all
exanimis, -e - lifeless
honestus, a, um - respectable, honorable
imus, a, um - lowest
letalis, letale - deadly, letal
uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm) - each (of two)
viginti = twenty
aliquamdiu = for some time
donec = until
etsi (conj.) even if, although
ilico (adv.) immediately, on the spot
infra + acc. = below
propius (comp. adv.) nearer, closer
quasi = as if
undique (adv.) on all sides, from all sides
Vocabulary List for Ecce Romani Chapter 59-61
Be able to decline: acies inermis or impetus infestus
abūtor, abūtī, abūsus sum - to abuse, misuse + ablative case
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum - to rise up against, to attack
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus (intransitive) - to fall
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesus - to cut down, slaughter, to kill
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus - to give away; yield
cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus sum - to exhort, to encourage
cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus - to trust in, rely on + dative case
dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī - to jump down, to leap down
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī - to be lack + dative case
diffīdō, diffīdere, diffīsus - to have no confidence in + dative case
excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessus - to depart, withdraw
impero, imperāre, imperavi, imperatus - to command + dative case
intercludo, intercludere, interclusi, interclusus - to cut off
instō, instāre, institī - press on, attack
mereor, mereri, meritus um - to earn, to deserve
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī - to help, to profit + dative case
succurrō, succurrere, succurrī, succursūrus - to help, assit + dative case
soleo, solere, solitus sum - to be accustomed to
supersum, superesse, superfuī - to be left, be remaining
vereor, vereri, veritus sum - to be affraid
aciēs, aciēī (f) battle line
anima, anima (f) soul, darling
caedēs, caedis (f) murder, slaughter
calceus, -ī (m) shoe
cornū, cornūs (n) horn; wing of an army
dignitas, dignitatis (f) prestige, reputation
facinus, facinoris (n) crime
furor, furōris (m) rage, madness
impetus, impetūs (m) attack
impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum (neut. pl.) baggage
insidiae, insidiārum (fem. pl.) ambush
initium, initiī (n) beginning
latus, lateris (n) side, flank
officium officiī (n) duty; service
ops, opis (f) aid, help; resources
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour
ōrdō, ōrdinis (m) class; order, rank
pīlum, pīlī (n) spear, javelin
praesidium, -iī (n) guard; protection
spatium, -iī - space, interval of time
tēlum, tēlī (n) weapon; spear
apertus, a, um - open
impedītus, a, um - loaded down, burdened
inermis, -is, -e unarmed
infestus, a, um - hostile
perītus, a, um - skilled at + genitive case
praesēns, praesentis (adj.) present, at hand
sollemnis, -is, -e - customary, traditional
equidem (adv.) certainly
istīc (adv.) over there
magnopere (adv.) greatly, seriously
paulātim (adv.) little by little
prīdiē (adv.) on the day before
prōtinus (adv) immediately
quoad (adv.) until
Vocabulary List for Pro Caelio, lines and Ecce Romani III, Chapter 58
arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum - to judge, to think
augeo, augere, auxi, auctus - to increase (augmentation, augment)
alloquor, alloqui, allocutus sum - to address (allocution)
confluo, confluere, confluxi - to flow together (confluence)
intelligo, intelligere, intellexi, intellectus - to realize
iungo, iungere, iunxi, iunctus - to join (conjunction, conjugal)
lateo, latere, latui (intransitive verb) - to hide (latent)
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder, to be amazed (miracle)
occido, occidere, occidi, occisus - to kill (ob + caedo)
occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursus - to meet + dative case (ob + curro)
orior, oriri, ortus sum - to arise (orient, oriental)
ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentus - to show (ostensible, ostentation)
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - to set out, to depart
regredior, regredi, regressus sum - to go back, to step back (regression)
sequor, sequi, secutus sum - to follow (segue, consecutive)
tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatus - to lift, to raise
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry (convey, convention)
agmen, agminis (n) marching line, column
comes, comitis (m) companion
flamen, flaminis (m) priest
ignis, ignis (m) fire (i-stem)
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, ill-will
luctus, -us (m) mourning, sorrow
mōs, mōris (m) custom (mos maiorum, mores)
municipium, -ii (n) town
poena, -ae (f) punishment (subpoena)
rostra, -ōrum (n. pl.) speaker’s platform
rus, ruris (n) countryside (rural, rustic)
tumultus, -us (m) uproar, commotion
vulnus, vulneris (n) wound (vulnerable)
vulgus, -i (n) mob (vulgar)
umerus, -i (m) shoulder
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, someone, anyone, anything
crudelis, crudele (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) cruel, bloody
felix, felicis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) happy, fortunate
ferox, ferocis (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) savage, wild
imperitus, a, um - unskilled, ignorant
lēnis, lēne (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) smooth, relaxed, calm, gentle
līber, lībera, līberum - free
pristinus, a, um - former, previous, old-fashioned (pristine)
posterus, a, um - next, following (posterity)
saucius, a, um - wounded
similis, simile (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) like, similar + genitive or dative
talis, tale (2 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) - such
tristis, triste - sad, grim
vetus, veteris (1 term. 3rd. decl. adj.) old (veteran)
vivus, a, um - alive
circā (prep. + acc.) around
ferē (adv.) generally, for the most part, usually
forte (adv.) by chance
item (adv.) in the same way, likewise
paulisper (adv.) for a little while
paulo - by a little
rursus (adv.) again
ultra (prep. + acc.) beyond
vix (adv.) barely, hardly
Latin IV/PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 416-450
Be able to decline:
arbitor, arbitari, arbitratus sum - to judge (arbiter bibendi, arbritration)
ardeo, ardēre, arsi, arsus - to burn, to be inflamed
devincio, devincīre, devinxī, devinctum - to tie up, bind; lay under obligation
calcitro (1) to strike with heals, to kick (recalcitrant)
confīdo, confīdere, confisus sum (semi-deponent, like audeo, soleo, gaudeo) to trust in, be confident in + dative case or accusative subjunctive + infinitive
dīluo, dīluere, dīluī, dīlūtum - to wash away; remove (dilution)
expono, exponere, exposuī, expositus - to place out, expose, explain
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to confess, acknowledge (profiteor, confiteor)
gradior, gradī, gressus sum - to walk, to go
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak
metuo, metuere, metui - to fear
mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus sum - to labour at, to construct, build
nato (1) to swim
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, endure, allow + acc. + inf.
pello, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to drive, strick
pervulgo (1) to publish, make common, prostitute one’s self
probo (1) test, try, prove, inspect, examine, approve
repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, take up, assume
vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear
foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract
foris, foris (f) door (generally in plural - double doors)
hortus, hortī (m) garden (horticulture)
iuventus, -ūs (m) youth
gravitas, gravitatis (f) weight, seriousness, dignity
metus, metūs (m) fear
mens, mentis (f) mind, intention
ratio, rationis (f) accounting, reasoning
foedus, a, um - foul, vile, polluted
ferreus, a, um - made of iron (FE)
effrēnatus, a, um - unbridled, unrestrained
infelix, infelicis (adj. one termination) unhappy, ill-fated
inanis, inane - empty, void (inane) (Serina)
iniquus, -a, -um - unequal, unfair, unjust; hostile
molestus, a, um - bothersome, annoying
parcus, a, um - frugal, stingy
praeceps, praecipitis (adj.) plunging head long, impetuous, rash vērus, a, um - true
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque - whoever, whatever (indefinite adj.)
ultimus, a, um - far, distant; final
autem ((postpositive) however, moreover
demum (adv.) at last, finally
igitur (postpositive) therefore
potissimum (superlative adv.)
plurimum (superlative adv.)
vērō (postpositive) indeed, truly, in fac
PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 385-415
Be able to decline foedus grave and idem limen
admoneo, admonere, admonui, admonitus - to warn, to advise
celebro (1) to frequent (a place)
complector, complecti, complexus sum - to embrace
comito (1) to accompany, go along
detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractus - to drag down, pull down
dirimo, dirimere, diremi, diremptus - to separate, to divide; to rip up
excito (1) call forth, arouse, stir up
ferio, ferire - to strike
foedus ferire - to strike an agreement
malo, malle, malui - to prefer
munio (4) to build; to construct; to fortify
nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptus - to cover, to veil; to marry
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum - to seek; to inquire, to ask
repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum - to seek back; recall
utor, uti, usus sum - to use, to employ + ablative case
amor, amoris (m) love; love affair
avus, -i (m) grandfather
currus, -us (m) chariot, triumphal chariot
foedus, foederis (n) agreement, treaty, contract
imago, imaginis (f) image, likeness; wax death mask, portrait
limen, liminis (n) threshold, doorway
mos, moris (m) custum (mos maiorum - custom of ancestors)
persona, -ae (f) mask; character; personality
pes, pedis (m) foot; step
progenies, progeniei (f) offspring, descendent
temeritas, temeritatis (f) chance, accident, rashness
vitium, -i (n) vices
aemulus,a ,um - rivalling; as substantive = a rival
amplus, a, um - large, spacious, ample
barbatus, a, um - bearded, wearing a beard
cognatus, a, um - related, kindred
clarus, a, um - clear, illustrious, bright
inferus, a, um - lower, below, infernal
horridus, a, um - rough, bristling,
muliebris, -e - of a woman, womanly
priscus, a, um - old, ancient
urbanus, a, um - of the city; refined, elegant, polite
cotidie (adv.) daily, every day
cum…tum (correlative conj.) both…and; not only…but also
ne...quidem = not even
quidem (postpositive) indeed, infact
magis quam - rather than
mininum (superlative adv.) the least, not at all
potius quam = rather than
potissimum (superlative adv.) especially
prope (adv.) nearly
simul (adv.) at the same time together
usque (adv.) as far as one can go, all the way
Vocabulary for Lines 170 - 216 of Cicero’s Pro Caelio
cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatus - to think (cognitive)
colo, colere, colui, cultus - to look after, to worship, to cultivate (horticulture)
delabor, delabī, delapsus sum - to slip down
intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectus (inter + lego) - to understand, comprehend, precieve
insector, insectari, insectatus sum - to pursue
loquor, loqui, locutus sum - to speak (eloquent, loquacious, circumlocution)
maculo, maculare, maculavi, maculatus - to stain (immaculate, macular)
opīnor, opīnari, opīnatus sum - to image, to be of the opinion (to opine)
opto, optare, optavi, optatus - to wish (optative, option)
reprehendo, reprehendere, reprehendi, reprehensus, a, um- to criticize
suadeo, suadere, suasi - to urge
tueor, tuerī, tutus sum - to protect, to watch over (tutor)
adventus, adventus - arrival (advent)
ambitus, ambitus (m) electoral bribery
aes, aeris (n) bronze (metonymy for money) aes alienum = debt
genus, generis (n) kind, class (genus, sui generis)
mendacium, mendacii (n) mendacity, falsehood, a lie (mendacity, mendacious)
mos, moris (m) custom, habit, manner (mores, mos maiorum)
nepos, nepotis (m) decedent (nepotism)
nemus, nemoris (n) grove
scelus, sceleris (n) wickness, evil
species, speciei (f) appearance (species)
sumptus, sumptus (m) expenditure
alienus, a, um - belonging to another, foreign
aeger, aegra, aegrum - weak, sick, wounded
disertus, a, um - eloquent
clarus, a, um - illustrious, distinguish, bright
invitus, a, um - unwilling
molestus, a, um - annoying, irksome
pauci, paucae, pauca (plural) a few (paucity)
saucus, a, um - wounded
uterque, utraque, utrumque - each of two
uter, utra, utrum? which of two?
aliquis, aliquid - anyone, someone, anything, something
quisque, quae, quidque - everyone, everything
quīdem, quaedam, quoddam (indef. adj.) a certain, some
an (interrogative) whether
dēmum - at length, at last precisely
eiusmodi = of such a king
haud (adv.) no, in no way
itaque (adv.) and so
minime (adv.) the least, not at all
omnino (adv.) entirely
quidem (adv.) indeed
paulo (adv.) by a little
paulum (adv.) a litte distance
paulātim (adv.) little by little
utinam (introduces a volitive/optative subjunctive) - would that
List of Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, lines 102-165.
abhorreo, abhorrere, abhorrui - to shudder, to shrink back from (abhorrent)
arbitror (1) to think, reckon (arbitration)
coepi, coepisse, coeptus - to begin (defective verb, lacks present system).
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus - to destory (delete)
exsisto, exsistere, exstiti - to apear, arise
haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum - to stick, to cling to, adhere
memini, meminisse (defective verb) - to remember
nego (1) to deny; say… not (head verb)
nitor, nitī, nisus sum - to rely on + ablative case
odī, odiise - to hate (defective verb, lacks present system). odi et amo
oportet, oportēre, oportui (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit (impersonal verb) - it causes one (in genitive) to regret something (in accusative) or may generate indirect statement.
studeo, studere, studui + dative= to be eager for, support, to favour
tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to protect, watch over, look at, to keep
utor, uti, usus sum + abl. case= to use, to enjoy, to employ
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum - to live, to be; to act
advocatus, -i (m) supporter, assistant (advocate)
aetas, aetatis (f) age; time of life
crimen, criminis (n) charge (crime, criminal)
facultas, facultatis (f) power, skill, opportunity
finis, finis (m) boundary, end, limit
gravitas, gravitatis (f) seriousness, authority, dignity
infamia, -ae (f) bad repute, infamy
libīdo, libidinis (f) passion, sexual desire
modus, -i (m) measure, limit, manner, way (modus operandi, modus vivendi)
radix, radicis (f) root; foundations (radical)
studium, - i (n) eagerness, zeal; pursuit
virtus, virtutis (f) courage, excellence; virtue
vitium, -i (n) vice
vita, vitae (f) life
adsiduus, a, um - continuous, uninterrupted (assiduously)
aliquot (indecl. adj.) some, several, some number
familiaris, -is, -e- intimate, familial, friendly + dative
improbus, a, um - base, immoral
iucundus, a, um - pleasant, agreeable (jocund)
turpis, -is, -e- base, vile, disgusting (turpitude)
aliquanto (adv.) at some time
aliquanto (adv.) by somewhat
cum....tum (conj.) both...and; not only...but also
iterum (adv.) again, a second time
magis (comp. adv.) more, rather
paene (adv.) almost, nearly
umquam (adv.) ever
nimium or nimis (adv. or adj.) too much, excessive
numquam (adv.) never
ergo (adv.) therefore
Phrases and idioms:
opus est = there is a need + ablative case (opus est celeritate = there is a need for speed)
quā rē - for which reason
quōque modō - however much
List for the exordium of the Pro Caelio
Be able to decline: opus acre and ops nulla as part of this quiz.
adsum, adesse, adfui - to be present
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, constituī, constitūtus - to establish, put in place
dubito (1) to doubt, to be uncertain
ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum - to pardon + dative case
improbo (1) to disapprove, condemn
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
miror, mirari, miratus sum - to wonder or marvel at
nitor,, nitī, nisus or nixus sum - to rely on + ABLATIVE CASE
oppugno (1) to attack
obsideo obsidere, obsedi, obsessus - to besiege, to blockade (obsession)
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum - to investigate, inquire
verso (1) to turn over and over; to engage in
aetas, aetātis (f) age, time of life; youth
causa, -ae (f) cause; case
crimen, criminis (n) charge (not a crime)
civitas, civitatis (f) state, nation
facinus, facinoris (n) deed; crime
gratia, -ae (f) charm, influence (ingratiate)
iudicium, -ii (n) court, trial, judgment
lex, legis (f) law
ludus, -i (m) game, games
negotium, -ii (n) business, legal work
odium, -ii (n) hatred, hate
otium, -ii (n) leisure
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour
pietas, pietatis (f) devotion to father/family, gods and fatherland
spes, speī (f) hope, expectation, ambition
vis, vis (f) force, violence; strength (in the plural)
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam/quidquam (indef. pron.) - someone, anyone
uter, utra, utrum (interrogative pron.) which of two?
ācer, ācris, ācre - sharp, fierce, bitter, harsh
acerbus, a, um - bitter, hostile
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
inlustris, inlustre - bright, clear, eminent
festus, a, um - of a holiday
forensis, forense - of the forum, legal
nullus, a, um - no (what paradigm)
tantus, a, um - so great
cotidie - daily, on any day
forte (adv.) by chance
non modo…sed etiam - not only …but also
nec (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
neque (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
ne…quidem - not even
nimis (adv.) too much, excessive
quīn (conj.) that- generally following negative verbs or words of doubt
vel… vel (conjunction) either..or
List for Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
abrogo (1) - repeal, take away, remove (abrogate)
accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptus - to receive, to take
armo (1) to arm (armatus, a, um = armed)
caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, a, um - to guard against; beware of (Cave Virginiam, Caveat Emptor, caution)
cieo, ciere, civi, citus, a, um - to move, stir, agitate
constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus, a, um - set up
excido, excidere - to destroy
fero, ferre, tuli, latus - to bring, to bear (forms may compound verbs)
icio, icere, ici, ictus - to hit, strike (ictus)
iudico (1) - to judge, to decide, to declare
incito (1) - to urge, put in montion, incite
ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum - to enter
interimo, interimere, interemi - to destroy, to kill, to take away
iugulo (1) to cut the throat, to kill, to strangle (jugular)
occīdo, occīdere, occīdi, occīsus - to kill
occupo (1) to seize
peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek (petition)
rependo, rependere, rependi, repensus - to weigh again; ransom, repay
succurro, succurrere, succurri succursus, a, um + dative - to aid
sustento (1) to hold off, hinder
veto, vetare, vetui - to forbid
vindico (1) to avenge
animus, -i (m) mind
causa, -ae (f) case; cause
collega, -ae (m) colleague
cupiditas, cupiditatis (f) desire
crudelitas, crudelitatis (f) cruelty
cervix, cervicis (f) neck, nape of the neck
dominus, -i (m) master
eloquentia, -ae (f)
eques, equitis (m) equites, knights (Rome’s non-patrician aristocracy)
error, erroris (m) wandering, mistake; wandering from the correct path
exemplum, -i (n) example, a sample, model
frumentum, -i (n) grain, grain supply
furor, furoris (m) rage, madness (an important Roman political word)
iudicium, -ii (n) court, judgment
mora, more (f) delay
mors, mortis (f) death
mos, moris (m) manner, custom (mores)
mos maiorum - custom of ancestors
quies, quietis (f) rest, peace, quiet
plebs, plebis (f) Roman Plebs, common people
potentia, -ae (f) power
princeps, principis (m) leader, chief
status, -ūs (m) state, position, condition
virtus, virtutis (f) courage; virtue
acer, acris, arce - bitter, fierce; controversial
allius, alia, aliud - other
amplus, a, um -large, ample, full
consularis, -e of consular rank
deinde (adv.) next, then
fraternus, a, um - of a brother, brother’s
mirus, a, um - miraculous, incredible
praestantior, praestantius (comp. adj.) outstanding
pravus, a, um - deformed, perverse, depraved
privatus, a, um - private (opposite of “publicus”)
summus, a, um - highest
quisquam, quidquam (indefinite adj.) - any
gratiā or causā + preceding genitive case = for the sake off
quin (conj.)- but indeed, rather; that
aeque (adv.) equally, justly
aliquando (adv.) at any time, once
adversus (prep + acc.) against
nefariē (adv.) impiously, abominably, unspeakable
denique (adv.) at last, finally
paene (adv.) almost, nearly
plus (comp. adv.) more
Vocabulary Quiz for First Reading Passage
adsumo, adsumere, adsumpsi, adsumptus - taken up, adopt, to claim
adfero, adferre, adtuli, adlatus - to bring to, to report
apello (1) to name, to call
coepi, coepisse, coeptus (defect verb - no present system) to begin + complementary infinitive
credo, credere, credidi, creditus - to believe
creo, creare, creavi, creatus - to elect, to appoint, to create
decedo, decedere, decessi, decessus - to depart, to leave; to perish
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus - to destroy
frango, frangere, fregi, fractus - to break, to destory, to subdue
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour; to slay; to slaughter
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus - to wage
gigno, gignere, genui, genitus - give birth to, to produce; be born
incipio, incipere - to begin
infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus - to bring in or against (inferre bellum + dative = to wage war on )
instigo (1) - incite, rouse
invideo, invidere, invidi, invisus - to hate, to be jealous of
peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek
pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictus - to paint (depict)
praecedo, praecedere, praecessi, praecessus - to go before, preceed
praedico, praedicere, praedixi, praedictus - to say beforehand
praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus - to carry in front; to display
sentio, sentire, sensi, sensus - to think, perceive, to feel
sto, stare, steti, status - to stand, to remain
supero (1) to conquer, to surpass
tollo, tollere, subtuli, sublatus - to remove, lift, take away; destroy
vinco, vincere, vici, victus - to conquer
volo, velle, volui - to wish
acies, aciei (f) line, edge; battle line battle
aemula, -ae (f) rival
arma, -orum (n. pl.) arms, weapons
avus, -i (m) grandfather
auctor, auctoris (m) author, instigator
civitas, civitatis (f) state, city, citizen body
clementia, -ae (f) mercy, clemency
currus, -us (m) chariot
finis, finis (m or f) end, limit (infinitive)
invidia, -ae (f) hatred, envy, jealousy
ingenium, -ii (n) innate ability, genius, intellect
mendacium, -ii (n) falsehood, pretense (mendacity)
noxia, -ae (f) crime
origo, originis (f) origin, source
pars, partis (f) part, side, direction
poena, -ae (f) punish (dare poenas = to pay the penalty or to be punished) (subpoena)
regnum, -i (n) kingship, kingdom
saeculum, -i (n) age; period of time
signum, signī (n) sign, signal, battle standard; statue; image
studium, -ii (n) zeal, pursuit; learning
virtus, virtutis (f) courage, valour
vis, vis (f) force, power, vigor; in plural = strength
(vis, vis, vi, vim vi, vires, virium viribus, vires, viribus)
alius, alia, aliud (-ius paradigm) other; one…another
avitus, a, um - ancestral, grandfatherly
brevis, -e - short, brief
gravis, gravis, grave - serious, heavy
immanis, -e - huge, vast, immense
invisus, a, um - hateful to + dative case
līber, lībera, līberum - free
maior, maius (greater, larger, older)
paternus, a, um - paternal
praeclarus, a, um - illustrious
prior, prius - earlier, former, previous
securus, a, um - secure, safe, free from care
universus, a, um - all, entire, the whole
ultimus, a, um - last, furtherest, most remote; worst
ac = atque (coordinating conj.) and (like et)
abhinc - from this time, from his place
aut…aut - either… or
deinde (adv.) then, next
funditu (adv.) from the foundation
quia (subordinating conj.) because
quisquid, quidquid (indefinite pronoun) whoever, whatever
quippe (adv.) of course, obviously
magis (comparative adv.) more, rather
maxime (adv.) especially, the most, chiefly
neque - nor; and not, neither
usquam (adv.) - in any place, anywhere
Vocabulary List for Acis, Galatea, Polyphemus
acendo, acendere, ascendi, ascensus - to climb
conpono, conponere, conposui, conpositus - to arrange, to compose
demo, demere, dempsi, demptus - to remove, to take away
dehisco, dehiscere - to split open, yawn
horreo, horrere, horrui - to sudder at, to dread
fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsus - to deceive
fungor, fungi, functus sum - to preform + ablative case
gradior, gradi, gressus sum - to step, to walk
libet, libēre, libuit - it is pleasing + dative + infinitive
ludo, ludere, ludi, lusus - to play
moneo, monere, monui, monitus - to warn, advise
noto (1) to mark, to take note of
obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum - to forget + GENITIVE CASE
pendeo, pendere, pependi, - to hang
praefero, praeferre, praetuli, praelatus - to prefer
revello, revellere, revelli, revulsus - to tear off
rideo, ridere, risi - to laugh
signo (1) to mark
uro, urere, ussi, ustus - to burn
aequor, aequoris (n) sea; level surface of the sea
acūmen, acūminis (n) peak, promontory
agnus, -i (m) lamb
auris, auris (f) ear
aurum, -i (n) gold
collum, -i (n) neck
collis, collis (m) hill
cornu, -ūs (n) horn
clipeus, clipei (m) round shield
cruor, cruoris (m) blood, slaughter
fetus, -us (m) offspring
flumen, fluminis (n) river
fulmen, fulminis (n) lightening bolt
imber, imbris (m) rain
latus, lateris (n) side (lateral)
lucus, luci (m) grove, woods
lumen, luminis (n) light; eye
moles, molis (f) mass, burden, bolder
munus, muneris (n) gift, ritual
orbis, orbis (m) disk, sphere
odium, -ii (n) hatred
pontus, -i (m) sea
pecus, pecudis (f) flock
rupis, rupis (f) rock cliff
voluptas, voluptatis (f) pleasure, source of pleasure
vates, vatis (m) poet, bard; prophet
almus, a, um - nurturing, kindly
aptus, a, um - suited to + DATIVE CASE
cunctus, a, um - whole, entire
fessus, a, um - weary, exhausted
mollis, molle - soft
nitidus, a, um - bright, shining
nullus, a, um (-ius paradigm)
par, paris (adj.) equal + dative case
saevus, a, um - savage, cruel
uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm) each (of two)
nuper (adv.) recently
nempe (adv.) of course, certainly
quamvis (sub. conj.) although
tenus (+ ablative) right up to, as far as
Vocabulary for Vergil, Aeneid, Book VI, lines 1-50
Places and People
Cecropides, -ae (m) decedents of Cecrops
Chalcis
Cumae, -ārum
Daedalus, -i (m)
Delius, -ii (m)
Euboea
Hesperia
Icarus, -i (m)
Gnossian - of Knossos, capital of Minoan Crete
Minos
Minoius, a, um
Pasiphaē, -ēs (f)
Sybilla, -ae (f)
Trivia, -ae (f) - Hecate
aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus - to open
cesso (1) to cease
excīdo, excīdere, excīdī, excīsus - to cut out, to hew out (ex + caedo)
excido, excidere, excidi (ex + cado) to fall out
effingo, effingere, effinxi, effinctus - to fashion
emico, emicare, emicui, emicatus - to flash forth, to flash out
for, fari, fatus sum - to speak
posco, poscere, poposci - to demain, ask
lego, legere, lēgi, lectus - to choose, to select, to pick; to read
macto (1) to slaughter
misceo, miscere, miscui, mixtus - to mix, intermingle
miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity
obeo, obire, obii, obitus - to meet face to face; to die (obituary)
rego, regere, rexi, rectus - to guide, rule, control
sino, sinere - to allow
aditus, -ūs (m) approach, entrance
ala, alae (f) wing
antrum, -i (n) cave
casus, -ūs (m) misfortune, chance
coma, -ae (f) hair
cor, cordis (n) hear
dens, dentis (m) tooth
dolus, -i (m) trick, treachery
error, erroris (m) wandering; error, mistake
foris, foris (f) door; double doors
grex, gregis (m) flock (egregious, gregarious, congregation)
latus, lateris (n) side
lucus, -i (m) grove
limen, liminis (n) threshold
mos, moris (m) custom, tradition (mores; mos maiorum)
ostium, -ii (n) mouth, entrance
os, ossis (n) bone
pars, partis (f) part, side, direction
penna, -ae (f) feather (penne pasta)
semen, seminis (n) seed
sacerdos, sacerdotis (m) priestess
sors, sortis (f) lot, oracle
vena, -ae (f) vein
vestigium, -ii (n) traces, footprints (vestiges)
vultus, -ūs (m) face, expression
ferus, a, um - wild (feral)
imus, a, um (superlative adj.) - lowest, deepest
inextricabilis, -e- impossible to disentangle; inextricable
gelidus, a, um - cold, icy
levis, leve - light, floating
nefandus, a, um - unspeakable
bis (adv.) twice
contrā (adv.) opposite, facing
enim - for, indeed, truly
protinus (adv.) continuously, at once
totidem (adv.) as many as
ūnā (adv.) together
Lake Avernus by Turner
Vocabulary Vergil's Aeneid 1.254-296
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus, receive, welcome, take in
aestas, aestatis, f summer
aetas, aetatis, f age, time
Alba Longa = Alba Longa = a city near Rome
annus, -i, m year
arcanus, -a, -um = arcane, deep, secret, hidden,
Argi, -orum = Argives = Greeks
arma, -orum n weapons
artus, -a, -um = close fitting, tight, narrow
Ascanius, -i m Ascanius = son of Aeneas
asperus, -a, um = rough, harsh, vicious, mean
Assaracus, -i, m Assaracus = pre-Trojan war hero
aster, astri m star
at, ac (atque) = but, and
caelum, -i, n sky, heaven
canus, -a, -um = white, white-haired
cerno, cernere, crevi, cretus, see, discern, recognize,
clarus, -a, -um = famous, illustrious
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus, = close
consilium, -i n plan, council, wisdom, intention
condo, -ere, condidi, conditus, found, establish, build,
contundo, -tundere, -tusi, -tunsus, strike, smash, defeat, destroy
cruentus, -a, -um = bloody
cura, -ae, f concern, anxiety, fear
dehinc = from that point in time, then
demitto, -mittere, -misi, -missus, = let down
dirus, -a, -um = dire, dreadful
do, dare, dedi, datus, = give
dominor, -ari, = conquer, master, defeat
dominus, -i, m master
domus, -i f house
donec = until
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptus = receive, lay hold of, greet, take over
expleo, -plere = fill up, complete, fulfill
fama, -ae, f fame, reptutation
fatigo, -are = disturb, weary, tire out, exhaust, torment, harass
ferox, ferocis, fierce, savage,
ferrum, -i, n iron
fides, -ei, f faith, loyalty,
finis, finis, f end, limit
for, fari, fatus = to speak
foveo, fovere, = favor
fremo, fremere, fremui, fremitus, roar, screech, resound
fulvus, -a, -um = tawny
furor, furoris, m fury, maddness, furor
geminus, -a, um = twin
hiberna, -orum, n winter
Ilia, -ae, f Ilia (daugther of King Numitor)
Ilius, -a, -um = of the city of Ilium (Troy)
Iulus, -i m Julus
Iuno, Iunonis, f Juno
immotus, -a, -um = unmoved
imperium, -i n government, power, domininion
impius, -a, -um = impious
inde = from that point, next
ingens, ingentis, huge, difficult, massive
intus = inside
ius, iuris, n law, right
labor, labi, lapsus sum = slip, pass, slide
Latium, -i, n Latium (= district in Italy)
libo, -are, draw, taste, touch, pour, pour a libation, offer, present, with osculum = to kiss
lustrum, -i, n period of time, time, year
magnaminus, -a, -um = magnaminous, courageous, spirited, mighty,
mensis, mensis, f month
meta, -ae, f turning post, end, limit
metus, metūs, m fear
mos, moris, f manner, character, morals, custom
munio, -ire, munivi, munitus, = provide with walls, fortify
Mycenae, -arum f Mycenae = famous Greek city during the Trojan War
nascor, nasci, natus, to be born
natus, -a, -um = past participle of nascor = to be born, i.e, natus, -a, -um = that which has been born = child, son, daughter
nodus, -i, m knot, coil,
nutrix, nutricis, = nourishing
oceanus, -i m ocean
olim = some indefinite point in time, at some time
onustus, -a, -um = burdened, loaded,
orbis, orbis, m circle, circuit, revolution (of a heavenly body), cycle
Oriens, Orientis = the Orient
origo, originis f origin, birth,
osculum, -i, n little mouth, kiss
parco, parcere, peperci, spare (takes the dative)
partus, partūs, m birth, delivery
proles, prolis, f offspring, child, progeny,
quando when, since
quin = but indeed
Quirinus, -i m Quirinus = Roman god
reginus, -a, -um = royal
regno, -are = to rule, to be king
remordeo, remordere, bite, bite back, gnaw
Remus, -i, m Remus
Romulus, -i, Romulus
Rutili, -orum = Rutilians
sacerdos, sacerdis, m & f priest(tess)
saeculum, -i, n age
sator, satoris, m. sower, sire, father
securus, -a, -um = secure, without conern, without anxiety, unconcerned
sedes, sedis, f seat, location
sereno, -are, to make serene, to make calm, to calm
servitium, -i n servitude
sic = thus
sidus, sideris, n star
spolium, -i, n spoil(s), booty, reward(s)
subago, -agere, -egi, -actus = lead under, defeat, subject, conquer
sublimis/e = high, lofty, sublime, reaching heaven
subrideo = to laugh at, to smile reassuringly, to smile pleasingly
talis/e = such
tegmen, tegminis, n covering, protection, pelt, hide
ter = three times
tergum, -i, n back
termino, -are, limit, set bounds to, terminate,
terra, -ae, f land
tertius, -a, -um = third
togatus, -a, -um = wearing the toga
transeo, -ire, -ivi, -itus = go through, transpire, pass
transfere, -ferre, -tuli, -latus, = transfer, move
triginta = 30
Troianus, -a, -um = Trojan
verto, vertere, verti, versus = turn, change direction
vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctus = bind, tie up, fasten, fetter
vis, viris, f power, force, might, violence, strength
volvo, volvere, volui, volutus, roll, unroll, reveal
votum, -i n prayer, vow
vultus, vultūs, m look, expression, countenance
Vocabulary list for Horace, Ode 1.37 & Vergil’s Aeneid I
Be able to decline: vultus mollis or grex ater
Albanus, a, um - of Alba Longa (city founded by Ascanius south of Rome)
Anchises, -ae (m) acc. =Anchisen - Trojan Prince and father of Aeneas
Argivus, a, um - Argive, Greek
Danaus, a, um - Danaan, Greek
Parcae, -arum (f) Fates
Saturnia, -ae (f) daughter of Saturn =
Teucrus, a, um - Teucrian, Trojan
Troia, -ae (f) city of Troy or Ilium
Tyrius, a, um - Tyrian, of Tyre, a Phoenician city on the coast of the Levant
bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitus - to drink
conflo (1) to blow up or into flame
eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptus - to snatch away
for, fari, fatus sum - to speak
foveo, fovere - to cherish
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusus - to pour forth
invideo, invidere, invidi, invisum - to envy, to hate
lateo, latere, latui - to hide
pereo, perire, perii, periturus - to perish
pulso (1) to strike, to beat
queror, queri, questus sum - to complain about, lament
rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptus - to break, to burst
spero (1) to hope
voluto (1) to turn over, roll
volvo, volvere, volui, volutus - to move in a curved course; to roll; to unroll; to undergo
aequor, aequoris (n) sea
anima, -ae (f) air, breath, life, soul, shade
animus, -i (m) soul, spirit, courage, thought
arx, arcis (f) citadel, fort; height
ara, ae (f) altar
arvum, -i (n) field, plowed land
aura, -ae (f) breeze, air
aurum, -i (n) gold
auris, -is (f) ears
classis, classis (f) fleet
comes, comitis (m) companion
currus, -us (m) chariot
ensis, ensis (m) sword
facies, faciei (f) shape, figure; face, appearance
fas (indecl.) just (according to the gods)
habena, -ae (f) reins (generally in the plural)
monstrum, -i (n) portent; monster
nefas (indecl.) unjust (according to the gods)
ora, -ae (f) shore
pontus, -i (m) sea
portus, -us (m) port
porta, -ae (f) gate
pelagus, -i (n) sea
regina, -ae (f) queen
regia, -ae (f) palace
remus, -i (m) oar
scelus, sceleris (n) crime, evil deed
spatium, -ii (n) space
asper, aspera, asperum - harsh, rough, sharp
ater, atra, atrum - dark, black
citus, a, um - swift
ebrius, a, um - drunk
immanis, -e- huge, monstrous, enormous
invisus, a, um - hated
infelix, infelicis (adj.) unfortunate, unhappy, accursed
inferus, a, um - low, below, underneath
memor, memoris (adj.) mindful, remembering + genitive case
mollis, -e soft
regius, a, um - royal
turpis, -e - vile, base, ugly,
vultus, vultus (m) face
nunc (adv.) now
quippe = of course, indeed
velut = just as
vix (adv.) barely, hardly
Vocabulary for Priapus and Lotis from Ovid's Fasti
aperio, aperire, aperui, apertus - to open, to reveal (aperture)
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesus - to slaughter
caveo, cavere - to take care, beware (cave canem; caveat emptor)
colō, colere, coluī, cultus - inhabit, cultivate; worship (cultus deorum)
coepi, coepisse, coeptus - to begin (defective verb)
concito (1) to stir, disturb
effundo, effundere, effudī, effusus - to pour out, to spread out (effusive)
iaceo, iacere, iacui - to lie (adjacent)
misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtus - to mix
nanciscor, nanciscī, nactus sum - to receive, to obtain
necto, nectere, nexi, nexum - to bind, tie, to join
praebeo, praebere, praebui - to offer
pudeo, pudēre, puduī - to cause shame
rideo, ridere, risi, risus - to laugh (risible)
rubeo, rubere - to be red (rubescent)
sollicito (1) to stir, agitate; arouse
sono, sonare, sonui, sonitus - to make a noise (sonorous)
sino, sinere - to allow
tango, tangere, tetigi, tactus - to touch (tangent, tactile)
terreo, terrēre, terrui - to frighten
uro, urere - to inflame
amnis, amnis (m) river
anima, -ae (f) breath; spirit; soul
auctor, auctoris (m) author, agent; doer
aura, -ae (f) breath; breeze
causa, -ae (f) reason, cause
convivium, -i (n) feast, banquet
custos, custodis (m) guardian
decus, decoris (n) adornment, honor
fastus, fastūs (m) contempt for other; pride, arrogance
felix, felicis (adj.) happy, luckly
festum, -i (n) holiday, festival banquet
flatus, -ūs (m) breath, blowing, snorting
gradus, -ūs (m) step
gratus, a, um - pleasing to + dative case
iocus, -i (m) play, game, joke
iuventus, iuventūtis (f) youth
lusus, -ūs (m) play, frolic
lumen, luminis (n) light; eyes
nemus, nemoris (n) grove
rivus, -i (m) stream (derivative)
rus, ruris (n) countryside (rus = to the countryside; ruri=in the countryside; rure=from the countryside)
sopor, soporis (m) deep sleep
torus, -i (m) couch
tutela, -ae (f) guard, safeguard; protector (tutelary)
victima, -ae (f) sacrificial offering, victim
votum, -i (n) vow; wish, desire, longing
alienus, a, um - foreign, a stranger to a thing (+ dative case)
aptus, a, um - suited to + dative case
fessus, a, um - weary
niveus, a, um - snow white
parcus, a, um - sparingly
pavidus, a, um - timid, alarmed
pronus, a, um - inclined (toward)
ruber, rubra, rubrum - red, ruddy
rigidus, a, um - stiff
solitus, a, um - accustomed
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque (indefinite pronoun) whoever, what ever
quisque, quaeque, quidque (indefinite pronoun) - each one, each thing
quidem (adv.) indeed, certainly
nimium (adv.) too much, excessively
Vocabulary List for Book One of Vergil’s Georgics
audeo, audere, ausus sum - to dare
careo, carere, carui - to lack + ablative case
denuntio (1) to announce (denounce)
condo, condere, condidi, conditus - to establish, to found, to place
incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptus - to begin (inception)
miseror, miserari, miseratus sum - to pity
operio, operire, operui, opertus - to cover, to conceal; to atone for
prosum, prodesse, profui - to be useful, to benefit + dative case
queror, queri, questus sum - to complaint, to lament
rumpo, rumpere, rūpī, ruptus - - to burst, break
salio, salīre, salui - to leap, jump, hop (salient)
succurro, succurrere - to aid, to help (sub + curro) + dative case
surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectus - to rise (insurrection)
tego, tegere, texi, tectus - to cover (protect)
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry; in passive - to travel
amnis, amnis (m) river
ignis, -is (m) fire
ensis, ensis (m) sword
facies, faciei (f) face, appearance
fraus, fraudis (f) deceit, deception; a crime
fulgur, fulguris (n) lightening, flashing
macula, -ae (f) stain, spot (immaculate, The Immaculate Conception)
motus, -us (m) motion (terramota)
orbis, orbis (m) ring, disk, hoop, orbit (orbis terrarum)
ortus, -us (m) rising, a rising
os, ossis (n) bone
regia, -ae (f) place
saeclum, -i (n) age; period of time
signum, signī (n) sign; signal; battle standard
tectum, -i (n) roof, building (from tego, tegere, texi, tectus)
tellus, telluris (f) earth; mother earth; Tellus
tumultus, -us (m) an uproar, violent commotion; tumult; civil war
unda, -ae (f) a wave; water (und
caecus, a, um - blind
dirus, a, um - dreadful, ugly, ill-omened, fearful
grandis, grande - large, great
igneus, a, um - of fire
nitidus, a, um - bright, shining, radiant
umidus, a, um - wet, full of moisture
magis (adv.) more greatly, more, rather
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything
quis, quid? (interrogative pronoun)
qui, quae, quod? (interrogative adjective)
quamquam (conj.) - although
totiens (adv.) so often
quotiens (adv.) how often? how often!
Vocabulary List for Eclogue Four
Be able to decline either mare nostrum and do the verb game for fero, ferre, tuli, latus
Saturnius, a, um - of Saturn, old Roman/Italic god worshipped in a time in the Forum Romanum
aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum - to advance, attack
cano, canere, cecini, cantus - to sing
cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctus - to surround, gride; put on (in passive/middle voice)
faveo, favere, favi + DATIVE CASE - to favour
fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum - to pour
iuvo (1) to please; to help, aid
mūto (1) to change (mutation)
patior, pati, passus sum - to suffer, endure, allow (patient, passive)
procedo, procedere, processi, processus - to advance, go forward (procession)
rego, regere, rexi, rectus - to rule, guide, direct
redeo, redire - to return, come back
regno (1) to reign, to have royal power
rideo, ridere, risi, risum - to laugh (risible)
solvo, -solvere, solui, solutus- free, resolve, undo, release
veho, vehere, vexi, vectus - to carry, convey
aetas, aetatis (f) age
carmen, carminis (n) song; poem
herba, -ae (f) grass
humus, -i (f) ground (humi = on the ground - locative case)
mundus, -i (m) world
mensis, -is (m) mouth
mensa, -ae (f) table
mūrus, -i (m) wall
numen, numinis (n) divinity, divine power
pondus, ponderis (n) weight
saeclum, -i (n) age; period of time
scelus, sceleris (n) crime, evil
tellus, telluris (f) earth
venenum, -i (n) poison
vestigium, -i (n)
uva, -ae (f) grape
ferreus, a, um - made of iron
dūrus, a, um - hard, unyielding
humilis, -e-low, on the ground; humble. lowly
parvus, a, um - small
modo (adv.) now, just now, recently
passim (adv.) here and there; scattered about
paulatim (adv.) little by little
paulo (abl. of degree of difference) by a little, a little
paulum (adv.) a little distance
Vocabulary for Eclogue One and other things
(re) cubo, cubāre, cubuī, cubitus,- to recline, to relax, go to bed, recline at dinner
mīrōr, mīrārī, mīrātus sum - to wonder at, marvel
cano, canere, cecinī, cantum - to sing
cernō, cernere, crēvī, crētus - to separate; distinguish by senses; perceive; discern
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to admit, to confess
invideō, invidēre - to envy
labor, labī, lapsus sum - to slip, to slide
memini, meminisse (defective verb- look up its paradigm) - to remember
nascor, nascī, natus sum - to be born (neonatal)
nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum - to obtain
oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblitus sum - to forget + genitive case (oblivious)
pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to strike, drive
pendeō, pendēre, pependī, pensus - to hang (pendent)
prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, prōditus - to hand over, betray
potior, potīrī, potitus sum - to get possession of + genitive or ablative case
resonō, resonāre - to echo (resonate)
respicio, respicere, respexi, respectus - to look back at
relinquō, relinquere, reliquī, relictus, a, um -to leave behind (relinquish)
soleō, solēre, solitus sum -to be accustomed + infinitive (como di solito)
suadeo, suadere - to urge
aes, aeris (n) bronze
agnus, agnī (m) lamb (agnus dei)
arvum, arvī (n) plowed fields
lac, lactis (n) milk (Madonna Lactans)
fons, fontis (m) spring, fountain
frigus, frigoris (n) cold
grex, gregis (m) a flock (egregious, gregarious)
iuvenis, iuvenis (m) youth
otium, otiī (n) leisure, free time, holiday
rupes, rupis (f) cliff, outcrop; bank
spēs, speī (m) hope
umbra, -ae (f) shade, shadow; ghost, shade in underworld
aeger, aegra, aegrum - sick, weak, ill, suffering
agrestis, agreste - rustic
iners, inertis (ad.) inactive, lazy, immobile; without skill
mollis, molle - soft (mollify)
lentus, a, um - slow, calm
maestus, a, um - sad
serus, a, um - late (buona sera)
stultus, a, um - foolish, stupid
tenuis, tenue - slender, thin; refined (tenuous) VERY IMPORTANT WORD
modo (adv.) recently, just now
quot? (interrogative adj.) how many?
postquam (subordinating conjunction) after
posteā (adv.) afterward
post (prep. + acc.) after
tantus, a, um…quantus, a, um (correlatives rabbits) as great as; as much as
undique (adv) from or on all sides
usque (adv.) continuously, without interruption
Vocabulary List for Suetonius’ Account of Caesar’s Death from De Vita Caesarum
adripio, adripere, adripui, arreptus - to seize, grasp
adsideo, adsidere - to sit near
animadverto, animadvertere, animadverti, animadversus - to notice
accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum (+ dative case) - to approach
cado, cadere, cecidī, casurus - to fall
clamo (1) to shout
conor, conārī, conātus sum - to try
conspiro (1) to conspire
dependeo, dependēre - to hang down
differo, differre, distuli, dīlatum - to scatter about , to put off
irruo, irruere - to rush in
obvolvo, obvolvere - to wrap up, to cover
occīdo, occīdere, occīdi, occīsus - to kill
publico (1) to make public, confiscate
prosilio, prosilīre -- to leap forth
rogo, rogāre (1) to ask
reperio, reperīre, repperī, repertus - to ascertain, to discover
stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictus - to draw
suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptus - to undertake, to begin
tardo (1) to slow
trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus - hand down
traicio, traicere - to pierce
velo (1) to cover
vulnero (1) to wound
animus, -i (m) mind, intention
bracchium, -ii (n) arm
crus, cruris (n) shin, leg
eques, equitis (m) cavalry, horseman
graphium, -i (n) stilus, sharply pointed instrument for writing
gemitus, -ūs (m) groan
gestus, -ūs (m) gesture, posture
iugulum, -i (n) throat
medicus, -i (m) doctor
metus, -ūs (m) fear
officium, -iī (n) duty, business
plaga, -ae (f) blow, wound
pugio, pugionis (m) daggers
pars, partis (f) part; party + partitive genitive
servolus,-i (m) diminutive of servus, -i (m)
sinus, ūs (m) fold (in a toga)
speciēs, specieī (f) appearance, pretext
umerus, -i (m) shoulder
vis, vis (f) violence, force
adversus, a, um - turned toward, facing
aversus, a, um - turned away (here: from the back)
cunctus, a, um - all
exanimis, -e - lifeless
honestus, a, um - respectable, honorable
imus, a, um - lowest
uterque, utraque, utrumque (-ius paradigm) - each (of two)
aliquamdiu = for some time
donec = until
etsi (conj.) even if, although
ilico (adv.) immediately, on the spot
infra + acc. = below
propius (comp. adv) nearer, closer
quasi = as if
undique (adv.) on all sides, from all sides
Vocabulary List for Ecce Romani Chapter 59-61
Be able to decline: acies inermis or impetus infestus
Verb game on caedo, caedere
abūtor, abūtī, abūsus sum - to abuse, misuse + ablative case (Ty)
adorior, adorīrī, adortus sum - to rise up against, to attack (Samantha)
cadō, cadere, cecidī, casus (intransitive) - to fall (Gabi)
caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesus - to cut down, slaughter, to kill
cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessus - to give away; yield (Lauren)
cohortor, cohortārī, cohortātus sum - to exhort, to encourage (Zack)
cōnfīdō, cōnfīdere, cōnfīsus - to trust in, rely on + dative case (Frances)
dēsiliō, dēsilīre, dēsiluī - to jump down, to leap down (Bay)
dēsum, dēesse, dēfuī - to be lack + dative case
diffīdō, diffīdere, diffīsus - to have no confidence in + dative case (Frances)
excēdō, excēdere, excessī, excessus - to depart, withdraw
impero, imperāre, imperavi, imperatus - to command + dative case (Colin)
instō, instāre, institī - press on, attack (Kelin)
prōsum, prōdesse, prōfuī - to help, to profit + dative case (Sunny)
succurrō, succurrere, succurrī, succursūrus - to help, assit + dative case (Ben)
supersum, superesse, superfuī - to be left, be remaining
aciēs, aciēī (f) battle line
caedēs, caedis (f) murder, slaughter
calceus, -ī (m) shoe
cornū, cornūs (n) horn; wing of an army (Parker)
facinus, facinoris (n) crime
furor, furōris (m) rage, madness (Kallia)
impetus, impetūs (m) attack (Clara)
impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum (neut. pl.) baggage
insidiae, insidiārum (fem. pl.) ambush (Gracie)
initium, initiī (n) beginning
latus, lateris (n) side, flank (Petronius)
officium officiī (n) duty; service (Serina)
ops, opis (f) aid, help; resources
opera, -ae (f) effort, attention
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour (Isha)
ōrdō, ōrdinis (m) class; order, rank (Ketty)
pīlum, pīlī (n) spear, javelin
praesidium, -iī (n) guard; protection
spatium, -iī - space, interval of time
tēlum, tēlī (n) weapon; spear
apertus, a, um - open (Izumi)
impedītus, a, um - loaded down, burdened
inermis, -is, -e unarmed
infestus, a, um - hostile (Kate)
perītus, a, um - skilled at + genitive case
praesēns, praesentis (adj.) present, at hand
sollemnis, -is, -e - customary, traditional (Lucina)
istīc (adv.) over there
magnopere (adv.) greatly, seriously
paulātim (adv.) little by little
prīdiē (adv.) on the day before
prōtinus (adv) immediately
quoad (adv.) until
Latin IV/PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 416-450
arbitor, arbitari, arbitratus sum - to judge (arbiter bibendi, abritration) (Sunny)
ardeo, ardēre, arsi, arsus - to burn, to be inflamed (Lauren)
devincio, devincīre, devinxī, devinctum - to tie up, bind; lay under obligation
calcitro (1) to strike with heals, to kick (recalcitrant) (Frances)
confīdo, confīdere, confisus sum (semi-deponent, like audeo, soleo, gaudeo) to trust in, be confident in + dative case or accusative subjunctive + infinitive (Gracie)
dīluo, dīluere, dīluī, dīlūtum - to wash away; remove (dilution) (Gabi)
expono, exponere, exposuī, expositus - to place out, expose, explain (Ben)
fateor, fatērī, fassus sum - to confess, acknowledge (profiteor confiteor) (Parker)
loquor, loquī, locutus sum - to speak (Petronius)
metuo, metuere, metui - to fear
mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus sum - to labour at, to construct, build (Izumi)
nato (1) to swim
patior, patī, passus sum - to suffer, endure, allow + acc. + inf. (Isha)
pello, pellere, pepulī, pulsus - to drive, strick (Ketty)
pervulgo (1) to publish, make common, prostitute one’s self (Kelin)
probo (1) test, try, prove, inspect, examine, approve (Bay)
repello, repellere, repuli, repulsus - drive back, repulse
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - take, take up, assume (Collin)
vereor, verērī, veritus sum - to fear
foedus, foederis (n) treaty, contract
foris, foris (f) door (generally in plural - double doors)
hortus, hortī (m) garden (horticulture)
iuventus, -ūs (m) youth
gravitas, gravitatis (f) weight, seriousness, dignity (Morgan)
metus, metūs (m) fear
mens, mentis (f) mind, intention (Zack)
ratio, rationis (f) accounting, reasoning (Ty)
foedus, a, um - foul, vile, polluted
ferreus, a, um - made of iron (FE)
effrēnatus, a, um - unbridled, unrestrained
infelix, infelicis (adj. one termination) unhappy, ill-fated (Clara)
inanis, inane - empty, void (inane) (Serina)
iniquus, -a, -um - unequal, unfair, unjust; hostile (Kallia)
molestus, a, um - bothersome, annoying
parcus, a, um - frugal, stingy (Samantha)
praeceps, praecipitis (adj.) plunging head long, impetuous, rash (Kate)
vērus, a, um - true (Lucina)
autem ((postpositive) however, moreover
demum (adv.) at last, finally
igitur (postpositive) therefore
potissimum (superlative adv.)
plurimum (superlative adv.)
vērō (postpositive) indeed, truly, in fact
Latin IV/PreAP Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, 385-415
Be able to decline foedus grave and idem limen
admoneo, admonere, admonui, admonitus - to warn, to advise
celebro (1) to frequent (a place)
complector, complecti, complexus sum - to embrace
comito (1) to accompany, go along
detraho, detrahere, detraxi, detractus - to drag down, pull down
dirimo, dirimere, diremi, diremptus - to separate, to divide; to rip up
excito (1) call forth, arouse, stir up
ferio, ferire - to strike
foedus ferire - to strike an agreement
malo, malle, malui - to prefer
munio (4) to build; to construct; to fortify
nubo, nubere, nupsi, nuptus - to cover, to veil; to marry
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum - to seek; to inquire, to ask
repeto, repetere, repetivi, repetitum - to seek back; recall
utor, uti, usus sum - to use, to employ + ablative case
amor, amoris (m) love; love affair
avus, -i (m) grandfather
currus, -us (m) chariot, triumphal chariot
foedus, foederis (n) agreement, treaty, contract
imago, imaginis (f) image, likeness; wax death mask, portrait
limen, liminis (n) threshold, doorway
mos, moris (m) custum (mos maiorum - custom of ancestors)
persona, -ae (f) mask; character; personality
pes, pedis (m) foot; step
progenies, progeniei (f) offspring, descendent
temeritas, temeritatis (f) chance, accident, rashness
vitium, -i (n) vices
aemulus,a ,um - rivalling; as substantive = a rival
amplus, a, um - large, spacious, ample
barbatus, a, um - bearded, wearing a beard
cognatus, a, um - related, kindred
clarus, a, um - clear, illustrious, bright
inferius, a, um - lower, below, infernal
horridus, a, um - rough, bristling,
muliebris, -e - of a woman, womanly
priscus, a, um - old, ancient
urbanus, a, um - of the city; refined, elegant, polite
cotidie (adv.) daily, every day
cum…tum (correlative conj.) both…and; not only…but also
ne...quidem = not even
quidem (postpositive) indeed, infact
magis quam - rather than
mininum (superlative adv.) the least, not at all
potius quam = rather than
potissimum (superlative adv.) especially
prope (adv.) nearly
simul (adv.) at the same time together
usque (adv.) as far as one can go, all the way
Derivatives/Etymology for the above list.
amorous/amatory (Gabi)
nuptial (Bay Penny)
nuptial pad (biology)
nubile (Collin)
cognate (Super Sunny)
avuncular (Frances)
federal (Zack)
comity of nations (Ketty B.)
liminal (Parker)
infernal (Kelin)
clarity (Lauren)
mores (Lucina)
urbane (Morgan)
quotidian (Serina)
progeny (Petronius)
detractor (Kate)
admonish (Isha)
pedestrian (Ty)
muliebrity (Izumi)
Pyrrhic victory (Samantha)
Mos Maiorum (Kallia)
ab marī usque ad mare (Lauren)
dulce et decorum est pro patria mori (Clara)
Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, lines 354-380.
cogo, cogere, coegi, coactus - compel. constrain, force
commodo (1) to furnish, make fit, adapt
depello, depellere, depuli, depulsus - to drive off
erro (1) to wander; to make a mistake
exsisto, exsistere, exstiti - to appear, arise, become
gero, gerere, gessi, gestus - to wage, conduct, wear, accomplish
neco (1) to kill
oppugno (1) to attack
oportet, oportēre, oportuit (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit (impersonal verb) - it causes an accusative to regret something in the genitive case
postulo (1) claim, demand, request, accuse
progredior, progredi, progressus sum - go forth, advance
puto (1) to think
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum- to seek, to procure, to get
removeo, removere, removi, remotus - remove
repello, repellere, reppuli, repulsus - to drive away, repel
studeo, studere, studui + dative= to be eager for, support, to favour
sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptus - to take, assume, consume
tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to protect, watch over, look at, to keep
auctor, auctoris (m/f) the person with authority or power; agent
aurum, -i (n) gold
fons, fontis (m) - spring, source, font
matrona, -ae (f) married woman,
mulier, mulieris (f) woman
odium, -i (n) hate, hatred
ops, opis (f) resources; power, influence
opus, operis (n) work, task, labor
persona, -ae (f) an actor’s mask, dramatic character
potio, potionis (f) drink,
quaesito, quaesitionis (f) a seeking, investigation, judicial inquiry
sedes, sedis (f) seat, foundation
signum, -i (n) sign, signal; battle standard
solus, a, um - along, only(-ius paradigm)
venenum, -i (n) poison
idem, eadem, idem (adj.) the same
duo, duae, duo - two (how does this word decline?)
egregrius, a, um - outstanding, remarkable
impudicus, a, um - immoral, indecent
inimicus, a, um + dative - hostile, political enemy
nobilis, -e- noble, of noble birth
notus, a, um - well-known
clam (adv.) secretly
nisi (conj.) unless, except, if...not
non solum...verum etiam (conj.) not only....but also
opus est + ablative = there is a need of + ablative case.
praesertim (adv.) especially
potius (comp. adv.) rather, more
rursus or rursum (adv.) again
secus quam (adv.) not otherwise than
tantus…quantus (correlatives) - as great…as; as much…as
List of Vocabulary for Pro Caelio, lines 102-165.
abhorreo, abhorrere, abhorrui - to shudder, to shrink back from
arbitror (1) to think, reckon
coepi, coepisse, coeptus - to begin (defective verb, lacks present system).
deleo, delere, delevi, deletus - to destory
exsisto, exsistere, exstiti - to apear, arise
haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum - to stick, to cling to, adhere
memini, meminisse (defective verb) to remember
nego (1) to deny; say… not (head verb)
nitor, nitī, nisus sum - to rely on + ablative case
odī, odiise - to hate (defective verb, lacks present system).
oportet, oportēre, oportui (impersonal verb) - it is proper, it is fitting + subjective acc. + infinitive
paenitet, paenitēre, paenituit (impersonal verb) - it causes one (in genitive) to regret something (in accusative)
studeo, studere, studui + dative= to be eager for, support, to favour
tueor, tueri, tutus sum - to protect, watch over, look at, to keep
utor, uti, usus sum + abl. case= to use, to enjoy, to employ
vivo, vivere, vixi, victum - to live, to be; to act
advocatus, -i (m) supporter, assistant
aetas, aetatis (f) age; time of life
crimen, criminis (n) charge
facultas, facultatis (f) power, skill, opportunity
finis, finis (m) boundary, end, limit
gravitas, gravitatis (f) seriousness, authority, dignity
infamia, -ae (f) bad repute, infamy
libīdo, libidinis (f) passion, sexual desire
modus, -i (m) measure, limit, manner, way
radix, radicis (f) root; foundations (radical)
studium, - i (n) eagerness, zeal; pursuit
virtus, virtutis (f) courage, excellence; virtue
vitium, -i (n) vice
adsiduus, a, um - continuous, uninterrupted
aliquot (indecl. adj.) some, several
familiaris, -is, -e- intimate, familial, friendly + dative
improbus, a, um - base, immoral
iucundus, a, um - pleasant, agreeable
turpis, -is, -e- base, vile, disgusting
aliquanto (adv.) at some time
aliquanto (adv.) by somewhat
cum....tum (conj.) both...and; not only...but also
iterum (adv.) again, a second time
magis (comp. adv.) more, rather
paene (adv.) almost, nearly
umquam (adv.) ever
nimium or nimis (adv. or adj.) too much, excessive
numquam (adv.) never
ergo (adv.) therefore
Phrases and idioms:
opus est = there is a need
quā rē - for which reason
quōque modō - however much
List for the exordium of the Pro Caelio
Be able to decline: opus acre and ops nulla as part of this quiz.
adsum, adesse, adfui - to be present
cōnstituō, cōnstituere, constituī, constitūtus - to establish, put in place
dubito (1) to doubt, to be uncertain
ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum - to pardon + dative case
improbo (1) to disapprove, condemn
licet, licere, licuit - it is permitted + dative + infinitive
miror, mirari, miratus sum - to wonder or marvel at
nitor,, nitī, nisus or nixus sum - to rely on + ABLATIVE CASE
oppugno (1) to attack
obsideo obsidere, obsedi, obsessus - to besiege, to blockade (obsession)
quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum - to investigate, inquire
verso (1) to turn over and over; to engage in
aetas, aetātis (f) age, time of life; youth
causa, -ae (f) cause; case
crimen, criminis (n) charge (not a crime)
civitas, civitatis (f) state, nation
facinus, facinoris (n) deed; crime
gratia, -ae (f) charm, influence (ingratiate)
iudicium, -ii (n) court, trial, judgment
lex, legis (f) law
ludus, -i (m) game, games
negotium, -ii (n) business, legal work
odium, -ii (n) hatred, hate
otium, -ii (n) leisure
ops, opis (f) power, resources, influence
opus, operis (n) work, task, labour
pietas, pietatis (f) devotion to father/family, gods and fatherland
spes, speī (f) hope, expectation, ambition
vis, vis (f) force, violence; strength (in the plural)
aliquis, aliquid (indefinite pronoun) anyone, anything
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam/quidquam (indef. pron.) - someone, anyone
uter, utra, utrum (interrogative pron.) which of two?
ācer, ācris, ācre - sharp, fierce, bitter, harsh
acerbus, a, um - bitter, hostile
īdem, eadem, idem - the same
inlustris, inlustre - bright, clear, eminent
festus, a, um - of a holiday
forensis, forense - of the forum, legal
nullus, a, um - no (what paradigm)
tantus, a, um - so great
cotidie - daily, on any day
forte (adv.) by chance
non modo…sed etiam - not only …but also
nec (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
neque (coordinating conj.) nor, and…not
ne…quidem - not even
nimis (adv.) too much, excessive
quīn (conj.) that- generally following negative verbs or words of doubt
vel… vel (conjunction) either..or
List for Second Vocabulary Quiz from Velleius on Gaius Gracchus
*adsum, adesse, adfui - to be present
*armo (1) to arm (armatus, a, um = armed)
*caveo, cavere, cavi, cautus, a, um - to guard against; beware of
*cieo, ciere, civi, citus, a, um - to move, stir, agitate
*excido, excidere - to destroy
*ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum - to enter
*miror, mirari, miratus sum - to be astonished, marvel at
*occupo (1) to seize
*peto, petere, petivi, petitus - to seek e
*prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditus, a, um - to bring forth
*animus, -i (m) mind
*crudelitas, crudelitatis (f) cruelty
*cervix, cervicis (f) neck, nape of the neck
*eques, equitis (m) equites, knights (Rome’s non-patrician aristocracy)
*error, erroris (m) wandering, mistake; wandering from the correct path
*exemplum, -i (n) example, a sample, model
*frumentum, -i (n) grain, grain supply
*furor, furoris (m) rage, madness (an important Roman political word)
*iudicium, -ii (n) court, judgment
*mors, mortis (f) death
*mos, moris (m) manner, custom (mores) Know: mos maiorum
*quies, quietis (f) rest, peace, quiet
*plebs, plebis (f) Roman Plebs, common people
*potentia, -ae (f) power
*princeps, principis (m) leader
*status, -ūs (m) state, position, condition
*virtus, virtutis (f) courage; virtue
*acer, acris, arce - bitter, fierce; controversial
*mirus, a, um - miraculous, incredible
*pravus, a, um - deformed, perverse, depraved
*summus, a, um - highest
*quisquam, quidquam (indefinite adj.) - any
*gratiā or causā + preceding genitive case = for the sake off
*quin (conj.)- but indeed, rather; that (often introduces a clause denoting doubt).
*aeque (adv.) equally, justly
*aliquando (adv.) at any time, once
*forte (adv.) by chance
*paene (adv.) almost, nearly
*plus (comp. adv.) more
Vocabulary List for Tiberius Gracchus from Periocha of Livy
*abrogo (1) - repeal, take away, remove (abrogate)
*icio, icere, ici, ictus - to hit, strike
*iudico (1) - to judge, to decide, to declare
*incito (1) - to urge, put in montion, incite
*occīdo, occīdere, occīdī, occisus - to kill
*ostendo, ostendere, ostendī, ostensus - to show, reveal, expose (ostentatious)
*relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum - abandon, to leave behind, to leave
*spero (1) to hope
*auctor, auctoris (m) doer, originator, leader, author of an act
*causa, -ae (f) case; cause
*collega, -ae (m) colleague
*cupiditas, cupiditatis (f) desire
*furor, furoris (m) rage, madness
*hēres, heridis (c.) heir
*modus, -i (m) measure; way, means, method
offensa, -ae (f) a striking; injury, offense
*optimates, optimatium (m. pl.) - conservation senatorial aristocracy
*pars, partis (f) part, direction, side, party
*pecunia, -ae (f) money
*rostra, -orum (n. p.) speaker’s platform in the forum
*socer, soceri (m) father-in-law
*seditio, seditionis (f) insurrection, uprising
*amplus, a, um -large, ample, full
*lātus, a, um - wide, broad, extensive
*privatus, a, um - private (opposite of “publicus”)
*deinde (adv.) next, then
*adversus (prep + acc.) against = contra + acc.
*iterum (adv.) again, a second time
*plus (comp. adv.) - more
*rursus (adv.) again
*qua (interrogative adv.) where?
*quoniam - since, because